Misalan tsaunuka, tsaunuka da filayen - Encyclopedia

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Misalan duwatsu
Misalai na plateaus
Misalan filaye

The moutains, da plateaus da kuma filayen su fasali ne na yanayin ƙasa a cikin ɓawon duniya kuma ana gabatar da su zuwa matakai daban -daban a nahiyoyi biyar. An bambanta su da juna ta wurin tsayin da aka kai da kuma takamaiman sifar su taimako.

Themoutains Tsawon yanayi ne na filayen ƙasa, sama da 700m dangane da gindinsa kuma yana iya haɗewa a cikin tsaunuka, tsaunuka ko aman wuta. Asalin waɗannan tsaunukan ya samo asali ne saboda dunƙulewar ɓarna ta ƙasa saboda tasirin tectonic, wanda daga baya aka zayyana shi ta babban aikin lokaci da zaizayar ƙasa. Tare, tsaunuka suna mamaye 24% na lithosphere kuma suna rufe 53% na yankin Asiya, 58% na yankin Amurka, 25% na Turai, 17% na Oceania da 3% na Afirka. An kiyasta cewa kashi 10% na yawan 'yan adam suna rayuwa a cikin duwatsu kuma duk kogunan duniya sun samo asali daga gare su.

PlateausA daya bangaren, ko tuddai, wani nau'in hadewa ne tsakanin tsaunuka da filayen. Kasancewa sama da mita 500 sama da matakin teku, suna da faffadan filayen da ke da asali wanda ya samo asali daga ƙungiyoyin tectonic da hanyoyin lalata abubuwa a cikin kayan marasa ƙarfi, waɗanda ke ba da haske. A lokuta da dama hakan na faruwa ne sakamakon fitowar tsaunukan da ke ƙarƙashin ruwa. Plateaus galibi suna da tsarin ƙasa daban -daban waɗanda aka ba su sunayen gida daban -daban, kamar altiplano, butte, ko chapada.

FilayenA ƙarshe, manyan fannoni ne na ƙasa mai faɗi ko kuma tare da ƙarancin ƙa'idodi, galibi a ƙasan kwari, a saman tuddai ko tuddai, ko a matakin teku, galibi ba sa wuce mita 200. Filayen da yawa suna da mahimmanci ga tattalin arziƙi ga ɗan adam, tunda a cikin su amfanin gona da wuraren kiwo suna faruwa tunda samun damar saman su yana sauƙaƙa hanyar wucewa da yawan mutane iri ɗaya.

Misalan duwatsu

Dutsen Éverest, a cikin Himalayas. Dutsen mafi tsayi a doron kasa, mai nisan mita 8848 sama da matakin teku, yana kan iyakar China da Nepal, kuma ya zama babban tsauni tare da sauran kololuwar makwabta kamar Lhotse (8516 m), Nuptse (7855 m) da Changtse (7580) m). Hawan shi yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubale a rayuwar ƙwararrun masu hawan dutse kuma ba sai a shekarar 1960 ne ƙungiyar manyan masu hawan dutse na ƙasar Sin suka kai kan tudun arewacin ta ba.
Cerro el Ávila National Park. Har ila yau ana kiranta Waraira-repano, muryarta ta asali ta asali, kuma tana cikin arewacin birnin Venezuela na Caracas, babban birnin ƙasar, wannan dutsen ya raba gari da Tekun Caribbean da gabar tekun, kewaye da shi kuma ya zama alama mai ganewa. gari. Gandun Daji ne wanda aka sanye shi da hanyoyin funicular da hanyoyi masu yawa, kazalika da kololuwar da ta bambanta daga mita 120 zuwa 2765 sama da matakin teku.
Aconcagua. Kasancewa a lardin Mendoza, Argentina, kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na tsaunin gaban Andes, yana da tsayin mita 6,960.8 sama da matakin teku kuma shine mafi tsayi a Amurka, kuma mafi girma a duniya bayan Himalayas. A ranar 1 ga Janairun 2000, daga gangar jikinsa, 'yar wasan fina-finan Italiyanci da' yar jarida Victoria Manno ta aike da saƙo ga bil'adama na zaman lafiya, haɗin kai da kare marasa ƙarfi, wanda aka sani da "Kiran ɗan Adam don Kulawa".
Dutsen dutsen Chimborazo. Shi ne dutse mafi girma da dutsen mai aman wuta a ƙasar Ecuador, kuma wurin da ya fi nisa daga tsakiyar ƙasa da ke wanzuwa, wato mafi kusa da sararin samaniya, saboda halayen diamita na Duniya a wannan latitude. An kiyasta fashewar ta ƙarshe ta kasance a cikin 550 AD kuma tana cikin tsakiyar Andes, kilomita 150 daga babban birnin Ecuador. Tsawonsa sama da matakin teku shine 6263.7 m. Game da wannan tsaunin, Simón Bolívar ya rubuta shahararransa "My delirium about Chimborazo".
The Huascarán. Dusar ƙanƙara ta Andes ta Peru wacce ke da kololuwa uku: arewa (6655 masl), kudu (6768 masl) da gabas (6354 masl). Taron kudancin shine mafi girman matsayi a duk ƙasar Peru da yankin kudancin Amurka, wanda ya mai da shi dutsen mafi girma na biyar a nahiyar kuma, ba zato ba tsammani, wuri a doron ƙasa tare da mafi ƙarancin jan hankalin da ke akwai.
A Cotopaxi. Wani shahararren dutsen mai aman wuta a Ecuador, yana da tsayin mita 5,897 sama da matakin teku kuma yana daya daga cikin masu aiki a duniya. Tana da tazarar kilomita 50 daga kudu daga Quito kuma babban fashewar ta ƙarshe da aka yi rikodin ya kasance a cikin 1877. Sunanta, a cikin yaren asalin, yana nufin "Al'arshin wata".
Da Mont Blanc. Dutsen "farin dutse" dutse ne na dutse mai nisan mita 4810 sama da matakin teku, mafi girma a duk Turai kuma mafi girman tsaunin Alps. An kewaye shi da kwaruruka tare da dusar ƙanƙara mai yawa kuma yana cikin babban taro mai ƙarfi, a kan iyaka tsakanin Italiya da Faransa. Wuri ne mai alfarma don yawon shakatawa na kankara, kankara da yin yawo, kuma tun 1965 ramin Mont Blanc mai tsawon kilomita 11.6.
Kanchenjunga. Dutsen na uku mafi tsawo a duniya, mai tsawon mita 8586, shi ne mafi girma a Indiya kuma na biyu a Nepal. Tana da kololuwa guda biyar masu tsayi iri ɗaya, saboda haka sunansa ke fassara "Taskoki biyar na dusar ƙanƙara", waɗanda bisa ga al'ada suna wakiltar mahimman wuraren ajiyar Allah: zinariya, azurfa, duwatsu masu daraja, hatsi da littattafai masu alfarma.
Kilimanjaro. Ya kasance a arewa maso yammacin Tanzania kuma ya ƙunshi tsaunukan wuta guda uku marasa aiki: Shira (zuwa yamma, mita 3962 sama da matakin teku), Mawenzi (zuwa gabas, mita 5149 sama da matakin teku) da Kibo (zuwa tsakiyar, mita 5892 sama da matakin teku ), waɗannan tsaunuka sun shahara saboda dusar ƙanƙara mai dindindin wanda, tun daga tsakiyar ƙarni na 20, an sami raguwar kauri sosai. An kai kololuwarsa a cikin 1889, kasancewa mafi girman matsayi a duk Afirka. Tun 1975 shi ne National Park,
Dutsen Shinn. Wannan tsauni mai tsayi sama da mita 4661 yana cikin Antarctica, a yankin duniya. An gano shi a cikin 1958 yayin tashin jirage kuma an sanya masa sunan Lieutenant Commander Conrad S. Shin, wanda ya fara sauka a Geographic South Pole.

Misalai na plateaus

Jujuy Puna. Wannan tudun tudun da ke arewacin Argentina, a wani yanki na lardunan Jujuy, Salta da Catamarca, wani bangare ne na tsaunukan Andean daga inda aka tsinke shi saboda jerin tsaunuka da tabarbarewar yanayi. Yana hawa daga kusan mita 3700 sama da matakin teku zuwa 3200.
Aldeplano na Andean. Hakanan ana kiranta da Meseta del Titicaca ko Meseta del Collao, babban fili ne mai tsayi (mita 3800 sama da matakin teku) a cikin tsaunin Andean, wanda ya haɗu tsakanin wani yanki na yankunan Bolivia, Argentina, Chile da Peru. A wannan wuri al'adun gargajiya daban -daban sun samo asali, kamar Tiahuanaco kuma yanki ne na yankin da aka sani da Puna.
Auyantepuy. Sunansa a yaren Pemón yana nufin "Dutsen Iblis" kuma shine mafi girman tepui (yana a mita 2535 sama da matakin teku kuma yana da kilomita 700² surface) kuma sananne ne daga Canaima National Park a kudancin Venezuela. Tepuis tsaunuka ne na tsayin madaidaici da rami mai ciki, wanda a cikinsa yanayin halittar halittu ya bambanta da kewayen, wanda shine dalilin da yasa ake ɗaukar su lu'ulu'u na rayayyun halittu na wurare masu zafi. Babbar ruwa a duniya, Angel Falls, ita ma ta fado daga saman Auyantepuy.
Puna de Atacama. Tudun hamada a tsayin mita 4,500 sama da matakin teku wanda ya zarce yanki mai nisan kilomita 80,000², a kan iyakar Argentina da Chile. Ana ratsa shi ta wasu ƙananan tsaunuka daban -daban dangane da tudun ƙasa, daga cikinsu akwai tsaunuka masu yawa. Tana da taimako iri -iri da koguna masu yawa waɗanda, galibi, basa isa cikin teku.
Filato na Tibet. An san shi da Filato na Tibet-Qinghai, tsattsauran mataki ne wanda ya mamaye yawancin yankin Tibet mai cin gashin kansa, da kuma wani ɓangare na Indiya da China. Tana mamaye yanki mai nisan kilomita 1000 da tsawon 2500, a matsakaicin tsawan mita 4500 sama da matakin teku, wanda shine dalilin da yasa ake ɗaukar ta mafi girman tudun ƙasa: “rufin” duniya.
Tsakiyar tsauni. Yawancin tsibirin Iberian (kusan kilomita 400,000²) Mutanen Espanya suna kan wannan tudu mai nisan mita 600 sama da matakin teku, mafi tsufa na kayan agaji a yankin. Tana gangarowa zuwa Tekun Atlantika kuma tana da yanayi na nahiyar Bahar Rum. An raba shi zuwa arewa da kudu ta hanyar tsaunin da ake kira Tsarin Tsakiya.
Brasilia Massif. Tare tare da Guiana massif, babban tudun ƙasa ne, ɗayan mafi tsufa a duniyar, na ukun da suka ƙunshi Kudancin Amurka (tare da masifar Patagonian). Kasancewa a tsakiyar-gabacin nahiyar, wannan tudun yana da yanayi mai ɗumi da ɗumi, kuma kogunan Amazon da na Plata suna ratsa layukansa na kuskure.
Guyana Massif. Har ila yau ana kiranta Garkuwar Guiana, tsohuwar tudun nahiya ce wacce ta kai arewa maso yamma na yankin Kudancin Amurka a wani yanki na Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, Brazil da Guyana na Faransa. Iyakokinsa sune Kogin Orinoco zuwa arewa, da gandun dajin Amazon zuwa kudu, kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin yankuna da ke da mafi yawan halittu a duniya.
Atherton Plateau. Filato tana cikin Ostiraliya, tare da yanki mai nisan kilomita 32,000² musamman dacewa ga aikin dabbobi. Tare da matsakaicin tsayi tsakanin mita 600 zuwa 900 sama da matakin teku, ƙasa mai aman wuta da ban ruwa ta Tafkin Tinaroo (wanda Kogin Barron ya lalata), wuri ne mai cike da nishaɗi mai ɗimbin yawa.
Altiplano cundiboyacence. Yana rufe yanki na kilomita 25,000² A matsakaicin tsayin mita 2,600 sama da matakin teku, birnin Bogotá, babban birnin ƙasar, yana kan wannan tsaunin Colombia.

Misalan filaye

Filin Dōtafi. An samar da wannan ambaliyar ruwa ta bakin teku ta hanyar aikin kogin Shigenobu da Ishte, a tsibirin Shikoku na Japan. Ya kai kimanin kilomita 20 gabas-yamma da 17 arewa maso kudu, wanda biranen Matsuyama da Toon ke zaune.
Filin Gabashin Turai. Har ila yau, an san shi da filin Rasha, yana rufe kusan kilomita 4,000,000²A matsakaita na mita 170 sama da matakin teku, ta zama Babban Filin Turai, tare da Arewacin Turai, yanki mafi 'yanci na tsaunuka a duk yankin. Ya ƙunshi yankuna na ƙasashe da yawa: Jamus, Rasha, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Poland, Moldova da ɓangaren Kazakhstan na Turai.
Filin Arewacin Turai. Sauran bangaren Babban Bahar Turai, ya ratsa daga Tekun Baltic da Tekun Arewa zuwa tsaunukan Tsakiyar Turai. Haɓaka yanayin ta ya bambanta tsakanin mita 0 zuwa 200 sama da matakin teku, wanda aka raba tsakanin Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Jamus da Poland, da kuma dukkan Jamhuriyar Czech.
Yankin Pampas. Babban fili wanda yakai tsakanin wani yanki na yankuna na Argentina, Uruguay da Brazil. Tana ɗaya daga cikin yankuna masu ɗimbin yawa a doron ƙasa, saboda yawan ruwan ban ruwa da rashin gandun daji. Sunansa ya fito ne daga kalmar Quechua don "fili tsakanin tsaunuka."
Sandur ko Wanka mai sanyi. Waɗannan filaye ne masu ƙoshin abinci waɗanda tsirransu ke fitowa daga narkar da kankara a cikin kwandon da ke da alaƙa da yankin. Yawanci suna ɗauke da tsakuwa da sauran kayan da ruwan narke ya wanke, don haka zasu iya kaiwa mita 100 a kauri kuma su wuce tsawon kilomita da yawa. Misalin wannan shine Skeiðarársandur a Iceland.
A bayyane yake. Filin da ke da daɗi a tsibirin Euboea na Girka, abin da ya faru a ƙarni na 8 BC. na yaƙe -yaƙe na Lelantine don mallakar su. Irin wannan shine saninta cewa a tsakiyar zamanai an ambace shi a cikin takardu kamar Lilanto, filin da ke kaiwa zuwa Attica.
Yankin Llanos. Kasancewa a tsakiyar yankin Venezuela kuma yana da manyan dabbobi da mahimmancin aikin gona, wannan yanki ya taka muhimmiyar rawa ta tattalin arziƙi a cikin ƙasar kafin fara amfani da mai a cikin 1917, lokacin da ƙaurawar ƙauyuka ta bar shi. A halin yanzu yanki ne mai yawan jama'a na karkara wanda ya ratsa lardunan Guárico da Apure (kimanin kilomita 142,900)²).
Abyssal filayen. Rufe 40% na tudun teku, ana samun waɗannan filayen ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin zurfin daidai ko ƙasa da m 200, daga bakin tekun da zuwa yankuna na ƙarancin aikin hasken rana, ƙarancin abubuwan gina jiki da matsin lamba, wanda aka sani da ramukan abyssal. Su ne manyan yankuna masu narkar da duniya kuma suna rufe ɓoyayyen teku.
Manyan Filaye. Ana zaune a Arewacin Amurka, a kan faɗin faɗin ƙasa mai tsayi wanda ke tsakanin jihohin Coahuila (Mexico), Alberta, Saskatchewan da Manitoba (Kanada) da New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, Montana, Dakota ta Kudu da North Dakota (Amurka). Yanki ne na dabbobi da amfani da aikin gona, mai wadataccen iskar gas kamar kwal da mai, wanda ke fama da matsanancin fari da guguwar yashi duk shekara 25 ko makamancin haka.
Bayyanar Kur-Araz. Babban bala'i ne a cikin yankin Azerbaijan wanda kwarin kogin Kur da Aras ya bayyana, yamma da Tekun Caspian da arewacin tsaunin Talysh. Ya kara a cikin Lenkoran Plain zuwa yankin Iran.