Hydrocarbons

Wadatacce

• Misalai na hydrocarbons

Thehydrocarbons sunadarai ne na halitta wanda aka kirkira ta musamman ta tsarin hydrogen da atom din carbon, kuma sune tushen dukkan abubuwan ilmin sunadarai. Tsarin tsarin atomic ɗin da aka faɗi na iya zama mai layi -layi ko reshe, buɗe ko rufe, kuma odar su da adadin abubuwan da aka haɗa za su dogara ne akan ko abu ɗaya ne ko wani.

The hydrocarbons Abubuwa ne masu ƙonewa tare da babban fa'ida don canjin masana'antu, wanda shine dalilin da yasa suka zama tushen hakar ma'adinai na duniya, suna ba da damar haɓaka abubuwa masu rikitarwa, caloric da wutar lantarki, da walƙiya, a tsakanin sauran aikace -aikace masu yuwuwar. Hakanan su ne tushen guba mai yawa, saboda galibi suna ba da tururi mai cutarwa ga lafiya.

Hydrocarbons an rarrabasu gwargwadon ƙa'idodi biyu:

Dangane da tsarin sa, muna da:

• Acyclic ko bude sarƙoƙi. Bi da bi an raba su cikin layika ko reshe.
• Littafi Mai Tsarki ko sarƙoƙin da aka rufe. Hakanan an raba su zuwa monocyclic da polycyclic.

Dangane da nau'in haɗin gwiwa tsakanin atom ɗin sa, muna da:

• Aromatics. Suna da zobe mai ƙanshi, wato, tare da tsarin juyi -juyi bisa ga mulkin Hückel. An samo su daga Benzene.
• Aliphatic. Ba su da zobe mai ƙanshi (wanda ba a samo daga benzene ba) kuma bi da bi an raba su zuwa: cikakken (madaidaicin atomic bond) da wanda bai cika ba (aƙalla sau biyu).

Misalai na hydrocarbons

1. Methane (CH₄). Iskar da ke da wari mai ƙonewa, mai ƙonewa sosai, tana cikin yanayin manyan duniyoyin gas kuma azaman samfur a cikin namu na lalacewar kwayoyin halitta ko samfurin ayyukan hakar ma'adinai.
2. Ethane (C₂H₆). Gas mai ƙonewa sosai na waɗanda suka ƙunshi iskar gas kuma suna iya samar da ƙanƙara a cikin hulɗa da kyallen takarda.
3. Butane (C₄H₁₀). Gas mara launi da barga, wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman babban matsin lamba (ruwa) a cikin mahallin cikin gida.
4. Propane (C₃H₈). Hakanan gas, marasa launi da ƙamshi, waɗanda ke da babban fashewar abubuwa da kaddarorin narcotic lokacin da suke da yawa.
5. Pentane (C5H12). Duk da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan farko na hydrocarbons huɗu na farko alkanes, pentane yana cikin yanayin ruwa kullum. Ana amfani dashi azaman mai narkewa kuma azaman matsakaicin makamashi, idan aka ba shi babban aminci da ƙarancin farashi.
6. Benzene (C₆H₆). A ruwa ba tare da ƙamshi mai daɗi ba, mai ƙonewa sosai kuma yana da cutar kansa, yana cikin samfuran masana'antu da aka fi samarwa a yau. Ana amfani da shi wajen ƙera goge -goge, masu wanke -wanke, magungunan kashe ƙwari, magunguna, robobi, resins da kuma tace mai.
7. Hexane (C₆H₁₄). Ofaya daga cikin ƙananan alkanes masu guba, ana amfani dashi azaman mai narkewa a cikin wasu fenti da mannewa, da kuma samun man pomace. Amfani da shi, duk da haka, an iyakance shi, tunda yana da haɗari neurotoxic.
8. Heptane (C₇H₁₆). Liquid karkashin matsin lamba da zazzabi muhalli, yana da zafi sosai kuma yana fashewa. Ana amfani da shi a masana'antar man fetur azaman sifilin octane, kuma azaman tushen aiki a cikin magunguna.
9. Octane (C₈H₁₈). Yana da matsayi na 100 a kan sikelin octane na mai, sabanin heptane, kuma yana da dogon jerin isomers don amfanin masana'antu.
10. 1-Hexene (C₆H₁₂). An rarrabe shi a cikin masana'antar azaman madaidaicin paraffin da alpha-olefin, ruwa ne mara launi mara mahimmanci don samun polyethylene da wasu aldehydes.
11. Ethylene (C₂H₄). An fi amfani da sinadarin Organic a duniya, a lokaci guda a na halitta hormone na tsirrai da mahaɗin masana’antu da ake buƙata don kera filastik. Yawancin lokaci ana samun shi daga dehydrogenation na ethane.
12. Acetylene (C₂H₂). Gas mara launi, ya fi iska sauƙi kuma yana ƙonewa sosai, yana haifar da harshen wuta mai iya kaiwa 3000 ° C, ɗayan mafi girman yanayin zafi da ɗan adam zai iya sarrafawa. Ana amfani dashi azaman tushen haske da zafi a masana'antu da aikace -aikace daban -daban.
13. Trichlorethylene (C₂HCl₃). Ruwa mara launi, mara ƙonewa, tare da ƙamshi mai daɗi da ɗanɗano, yana da cutar kansa da guba, yana iya katse bugun zuciya, numfashi da hawan hawan hanta. Ƙarfin ƙarfi ne na masana'antu wanda babu shi a yanayi.
14. Trinitrotoluene (C₇H₅N₃KO₆). An san shi da TNT, launin rawaya ne mai launin shuɗi, mai ƙyalli, mai fashewa sosai. Ba ya amsawa da ƙarfe ko sha ruwa, don haka yana da tsawon rai kuma ana amfani dashi sosai azaman ɓangaren bama -bamai na sojoji da masana'antu da abubuwan fashewa.
15. Phenol (C₆H₆KO). Har ila yau aka sani da acid carbolic ko phenyl ko phenylhydroxide, yana da ƙarfi a cikin tsarkin sa, crystalline da fari ko mara launi. Ana amfani da shi don samun resins, nailan kuma azaman mai kashe ƙwayoyin cuta ko ɓangaren shirye -shiryen likita daban -daban.
16. Tar. Cikakkiyar cakuda sinadarin Organic wanda tsarinsa ya bambanta gwargwadon yanayin samarwarsa da zafinsa da sauran masu canji, shi ne abu mai ruwa, bituminous, viscous da duhu, tare da kamshi mai ƙarfi da aikace -aikace da yawa, daga jiyya ta psoriasis zuwa shimfidar hanya.
17. Har ila yau aka sani da man fetur ether, yana da cakuda m, flammable da ruwa na cikakken hydrocarbons, samu daga man fetur, amfani a matsayin sauran ƙarfi da kuma matsayin man fetur. Kada a ruɗe shi da benzene, ethers, ko fetur.  
18. Kananzir. Man fetur na yau da kullun, ba mai tsabta sosai ba kuma an samo shi distillation na mai na halitta. Ya ƙunshi cakuda hydrocarbons a cikin ruwa mai haske da launin rawaya, mai narkewa cikin ruwa, ana amfani dashi don walƙiya da dalilan tsabtace farfajiya, kazalika da maganin kashe ƙwari da man shafawa na mota.
19. Man fetur. An samo shi daga mai ta hanyar distillation kai tsaye ko juzu'i, ana amfani da wannan cakuda ɗaruruwan hydrocarbons a cikin injunan konewa na ciki a matsayin mafi tsabta, mafi inganci kuma sanannen man da aka sani, musamman bayan an cire gubar a farkon 2000s..
20. Mai. Mafi mahimmancin hydrocarbon da aka sani cikin sharuddan masana'antu, wanda daga ciki yana yiwuwa a haɗa wasu abubuwa da yawa daban -daban, ana samar da su a ƙarƙashin ƙasa daga ƙwayoyin halittar da aka tara a cikin tarkon ilimin ƙasa kuma ana fuskantar matsanancin matsin lamba. Ya samo asali ne daga burbushin halittu, ruwa mai kauri da ruwa mai kauri, wanda ajiyar duniya take Ba za a iya sabuntawa ba, amma ya zama babban abin da aka shigar don masana'antar kera motoci, lantarki, sinadarai da kayan aiki.

Yana iya ba ku: Misalan Sababbin Sababbin Albarkatun Ba-Sabuntawa