Wadatacce
The burbushin mai sune waɗanda asalinsu ya koma ga yawan kwayoyin halitta (biomass) wanda aka samar da miliyoyin shekaru da suka gabata kuma aka binne su a cikin yadudduka na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, inda matsin lamba, zazzabi da sauran hanyoyin sunadarai suka sanya shi cikin hanyoyin canji mai zurfi wanda sakamakon sa shine, daidai, abubuwa na babban abun ciki na makamashi.
Suna iya yi muku hidima:
- Misalan Hydrocarbons
- Misalan Albarkatun Sabuntawa
- Misalan albarkatun da ba a sabuntawa ba
- Misalan Matsalolin Muhalli
Makamashin burbushin halittun makamashi Ba za a iya sabuntawa ba, tunda a halin yanzu ana cinye su cikin sauri fiye da yadda suke ɗauka.
Galibin makamashin da ake amfani da shi a duniya a yau yana fitowa ne daga ƙone irin waɗannan kayan, duka don samar da wutar lantarki da ciyarwa masana'antu sunadarai, kamar yada motoci, dakuna masu haske, dafa abinci ko dumama gidaje.
Irin wannan amfani na duniya saboda ƙarancin sauƙin cirewa, wadataccen adadi na duniya da tsadar tattalin arziƙin sa da fasaha mai sauƙi, idan aka kwatanta shi da wasu nau'ikan makamashin da suka fi ƙwarewa ko ƙarancin riba.
Duk da haka, konewar burbushin halittu yana samar da iskar gas mai guba mai yawa (carbon monoxide, sulfurous gas, carcinogens, da sauransu) kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin lalacewar muhalli da sauyin yanayi a farkon karni na 21.
Akwai burbushin burbushin guda huɗu da aka sani:
Gawayi
Wannan ma'adinai shine sakamakon sedimentation na prehistoric shuka ya rage (An kiyasta cewa lokacin Carboniferous, kimanin shekaru miliyan 300 da suka gabata) a cikin ƙarancin yanayin iskar oxygen da matsin lamba da zafin jiki.
Irin wannan tsari na ma'adinai Ta hanyar wadatar da carbon, yana samar da daskararru tare da babban ƙarfin kuzari, wanda ake amfani dashi sosai a cikin samar da makamashi da masana'antar kayan (filastik, mai, dyes, da sauransu).
Akwai manyan nau'ikan huɗu huɗu: peat, lignite, kwal, da anthracite, waɗanda aka shirya anan daga mafi ƙasƙanci zuwa mafi girman abun cikin carbon. Wannan lamari ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a Juyin Masana'antu da haɓaka fasahar tururi, har sai da mai ya yi ƙaura. Manyan ma'adanan kwal suna cikin Amurka, Rasha da China.
Iskar gas
Haɗin haske ne na hydrocarbons mai iskar gas, wanda ake iya cirewa daga adibas masu zaman kansu (kyauta) ko daga man fetur ko ma'adinai (alaƙa).
A cikin lokuta biyu, ana haifar da shi ta hanyar bazuwar anaerobic (ba tare da kasancewar iskar oxygen ba) na kwayoyin halitta kuma yana rabuwa cikin manyan abubuwan da ake amfani da su, kamar methane (fiye da 90%na abun ciki, gabaɗaya), ethane (har zuwa 11%), propane (har zuwa 3.7%), butane (ƙasa da 0.7%), tare da nitrogen da carbon dioxide, tsakanin sauran inert gas, alamun sulfur da ƙazanta.
The babban iskar gas a cikin duniya suna Gabas ta Tsakiya (har zuwa kashi 43% na jimlar duniya, musamman a Iran da Qatar), kuma kasancewa irin wannan mai mai yawa da ƙarancin gurɓata fiye da sauran burbushin halittu (ƙarancin iskar CO2.2), ana amfani dashi sosai azaman tushen kuzari (musamman Matsi na Gas da Ruwan Gas) kuma azaman tushen caloric, a cikin gidaje da masana'antu da hanyoyin sufuri.
Liquefied petroleum gas
LPG shine cakuda galibi na propane da butane, wanda ke cikin iskar gas ko ma an narkar da shi a cikin ɗanyen mai, waɗanda ke da halayen kasancewa sauƙi liquefiable (ya koma ruwa).
Waɗannan samfura ne na yau da kullun na rarrabuwa mai rarrabuwa (ko FCC) na mai, wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman mai na cikin gida, da aka ba da ƙarfin kuzari da amincin dangi, da samun olefins (alkenes) don masana'antar robobi.
Mai
Wannan ruwan mai, duhu da kauri yana cakuda hadaddun hydrocarbons mai narkewa a cikin ruwa (paraffins, naphthenes da aromatics), wanda aka kafa a cikin tafki mai zurfin canzawa (tsakanin mita 600 zuwa 5,000) a cikin sassan ƙasa.
Kamar sauran burbushin burbushin halittu, samfuri ne na tara kwayoyin halitta (zooplankton da algae galibi) a cikin gandun daji na tabkuna da tekuna na tsohuwar tarihi, daga baya aka binne su a ƙarƙashin yadudduka a cikin matsin lamba da yanayin zafi. Idan aka ba su ƙarancin ƙarfi da ƙoshin duwatsun ƙasa, waɗannan hydrocarbons ɗin suna tashi zuwa saman ko sun makale cikin ajiyar mai.
The Mai An yi amfani da shi tun daga zamanin ɗan adam a matsayin mai, alade ko man fetur, amma bai kasance ba har zuwa ƙarni na 19 da Juyin Masana'antu lokacin da aka gano ƙimar masana'anta, ta ci gaba da amfani da amfani da ita wajen samar da mai (gas, diesel, kananzir) don amfani da abin hawa ko lantarki, kuma kamar albarkatun kasa a cikin masana'antar sinadarai da kayan aiki.
A halin yanzu yana wakiltar ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana'antun masana'antu da na kuɗi a cikin ayyukan tattalin arziƙin duniya, waɗanda keɓaɓɓun keɓaɓɓu da tallan su ke iya shafar daidaiton tattalin arzikin ɗan adam na duniya.
Jerin Abubuwan da aka samo daga mai yana da yawa, daga polyesters da robobi zuwa gas da ruwa mai ƙonewa, kaushi, alade da dogon lokaci da sauransu.
Koyaya, hakar sa da amfani da shi yana wakiltar babbar matsalar muhalli saboda rashin narkewa a cikin ruwa, wanda ke sa ya zama da wahala a tsaftace yayin zubar da ruwa, kuma an ba da babban samar da abubuwa masu guba waɗanda ƙonawarsa ke haifar da: gubar, carbon dioxide, monoxide na carbon, sulfur oxides, nitrous oxides da sauran abubuwan da ke cutar da rayuwa da daidaiton muhalli na duniya.
- Misalan Hydrocarbons
- Misalan Albarkatun Sabuntawa
- Misalan albarkatun da ba a sabuntawa ba
- Misalan Bala'o'i
- Misalan Matsalolin Muhalli
