Wadatacce
Ana ɗaukar acid a matsayin kowane fili wanda, lokacin da aka rarrabu a cikin ruwa mai ruwa, yana sakin ions hydrogen (H+) kuma yana haɓaka tare da ƙwayoyin ruwa don samar da ion hydronium (H3KO+). Ana samar da acid ta hanyar haɗakar oxide da ruwa, kuma a sakamakon sakamakon da aka samu yana samun pH acid, wato ƙasa da 7.
Bases, a gefe guda, an kafa su ne ta hanyar mahadi waɗanda a cikin wani ruwa mai ruwa ya saki ions hydroxyl (OH '') kuma sa pH na maganin ya wuce pH 7.
Tarihi
Wannan hanyar bayyana acid da tushe shine mafi tsufa kuma yana daga cikin ka'idar Arrhenius, wacce ta samo asali daga ƙarshen karni na sha tara. Bayan wasu shekaru, Brönsted da Lowry sun ayyana acid a matsayin waɗancan abubuwan da zasu iya barin proton (H+) da tushe kamar waɗanda za su iya karɓar proton (H+) wanda aka bayar ta hanyar acid. Tuni ya shiga karni na ashirin, Lewis ya ƙaddara cewa acid wani abu ne mai iya rabawa ko karɓar ma'aunin lantarki, yayin da tushe zai iya rabawa ko bayar da elektron biyu.
Halaye
Acids gabaɗaya suna da tsami kuma suna lalata; ginshiƙan kuma suna lalata, tare da ɗanɗano caustic da taɓa sabulu. Halin acid don rarrabuwa da rage pH galibi ana kiransa "ƙarfin acid." Misalai ne karfi acid perchloric, sulfuric, hydroiodic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric da nitric.
Hakanan, ana iya ɗaukar su azaman karfi tushe potassium, sodium, lithium da magnesium hydroxide. Acetic, citric, da benzoic acid, a gefe guda, acid ne mai rauni; ammonia tushe ne mai rauni.
Ta yaya ake samun gishiri?
The ka fita su ne mahadi na ionic masu sarkakiya iri -iri, suna da yawa a yanayi da ana samun su ta hanyar haɗuwar acid tare da tushe, yana haifar da sakin ruwa. Gishirin na iya zama tsaka tsaki, acidic ko na asali. A cikin tsohon, an maye gurbin dukkan atom din hydrogen dake cikin acid karfe cation. Gishirin acid, a gefe guda, yana kiyaye atom ɗaya ko fiye na hydrogen.
Hakanan, gishiri na iya zama ninki biyu ko uku idan sun ƙunshi cation fiye da ɗaya ko fiye da anion ɗaya. Misali, alli potassium fluoride gishiri ne mai tsaka tsaki biyu (CaKF3), saboda ya ƙunshi cations biyu daban -daban. A ƙarshe, yana da mahimmanci a ambaci gishirin asali, wanda aƙalla anion ɗaya shine anion hydroxide, kamar, alal misali, a cikin jan karfe chloride trihydroxide (Cu2Cl (OH)3).
A gefe guda kuma, an san su da ternary gishiri ko manyan makarantu ga waɗanda aka samu ta hanyar haɗa ƙarfe tare da m, kamar sulfate, carbonate ko dichromate, da kuma azaman ammonium na quaternary ga waɗanda a cikin su aka maye gurbin dukkan sinadarin hydrogen na ammonium ta hanyar tsattsauran ra'ayi, kamar yadda a cikin yanayin tetramethylammonium chloride .
Rarraba da mahimmanci
The acid Suna da mahimmanci musamman a masana'antu da a yanayi. Misali, acid hydrochloric wani bangare ne na tsarin narkar da abinci kuma ya zama dole a gare mu mu rushe abubuwan gina jiki da ke cikin abinci. Deoxyribonucleic acid, wanda aka fi sani da DNA, ya ƙunshi chromosomes, wanda shine inda bayanan bayanan halittar da ake buƙata don rayayyun halittu su ninka da haɓaka su ke rikodin. Boric acid abu ne mai mahimmanci a masana'antar gilashi.
The alli carbonate Gishiri ne mai yalwa a cikin nau'ikan duwatsun limestone. Ta hanyar aiki da yanayin zafi mai zafi (900 ° C), ana samun carbonate na alli na alli oxide ko quicklime. Ƙara ruwa zuwa quicklime yana samar da alli hydroxide, wanda ake kira lemun tsami, wanda shine tushe. Ana amfani da waɗannan kayan a cikin gini.
