Ishaku Newton (1642-1727) masanin kimiyyar lissafi, masanin lissafi, masanin taurari wanda ya ba da gudummawar kimiyya sosai. An dauke shi daya daga cikin manyan masu hazaka a tarihin duniya.
Newton ya yi fice a fannin kimiyyar lissafi, lissafi, kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta. Abubuwan da ya gano sun canza hanyar sani da fahimtar sararin samaniya. Daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ta gano sune: dokokin motsi, dokar jan hankalin duniya da ka'idar launi.
Newton ya kasance wani ɓangare na juyin juya halin kimiyya wanda ya fara a cikin Renaissance tare da karatu da binciken masanin taurarin Nicolás Copernicus. Wannan ya ci gaba da juyin halitta tare da gudummawar Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei; sannan tare da Isaac Newton. A cikin karni na 20, Albert Einstein ya ɗauki yawancin ra'ayoyinsa don haɓaka manyan abubuwan bincike.
- Zai iya taimaka muku: Juyin kimiyya
- Dokokin motsi na Newton
Isaac Newton ya tsara dokokin motsi a cikin aikinsa: Philosophiæ naturalis principia mathematica (1687). Waɗannan dokokin sun kafa tushe don fahimtar juyin juya halin injiniyoyin gargajiya, reshen kimiyyar lissafi wanda ke nazarin halayen jikin a hutawa ko motsi cikin ƙananan gudu (idan aka kwatanta da saurin haske).
Dokokin sun bayyana yadda duk wani motsi na jiki ke ƙarƙashin manyan dokoki uku:
- Dokar farko: Dokar rashin ƙarfi. Kowane jiki yana cikin yanayin hutawarsa sai dai idan wani karfi ya matsa masa. Misali: Idan an tsayar da abin hawa tare da kashe injin, zai tsaya a tsaye sai dai idan wani abu ya motsa shi.
- Doka ta biyu: Ƙa'idar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfi. Ƙarfin da ake samu akan jiki yayi daidai da hanzarin da zai samu. Misali: Idan mutum ya harbi ƙwallo, ƙwallon zai ci gaba yayin da ake amfani da ƙarin ƙarfi don harbi.
- Doka ta uku: Dokar aiki da amsawa. Lokacin da aka yi wani ƙarfi a kan wani abu (tare da ko ba tare da motsi ba), yana yin irin ƙarfin a farkon. Misali: SIdan mutum ya yi karo da bango ba da gangan ba, bangon yana yin irin wannan ƙarfi a kan mutumin kamar yadda mutumin ya yi kan bangon.
- Dokar nauyi
Dokar nauyi ta Newton ta gabatar kuma ta bayyana hulɗar nauyi tsakanin jikin mutum da taro. Newton ya dogara ne akan dokokinsa na motsi don yin jayayya cewa ƙarfin nauyi (ƙarfin da jikin biyu ke jawo junansu) yana da alaƙa da: tazara tsakanin waɗannan ɓangarorin biyu da yawan kowane ɗayan waɗannan jikin. Sabili da haka, ƙarfin nauyi ya yi daidai da samfuran talakawa da aka raba ta tazara tsakanin su murabba'i.
- Halitta na haske
Ta hanyar kutsawa cikin filin kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta, Newton ya nuna cewa haske ba ya haɗa da raƙuman ruwa (kamar yadda aka yi imani) amma na barbashi (wanda ya kira corpuscles) da aka jefa cikin babban gudu kuma cikin madaidaiciyar layi daga jikin da ke fitar da haske. Newton ya fallasa wannan ka'idar a cikin aikinsa: Zaɓuɓɓuka a cikinsa yana yin nazari kan nusarwa, tunani da watsa haske.
Duk da haka, an yi watsi da ka'idar sa a madadin ra'ayin kaɗawar haske. Sai kawai a cikin ƙarni na 20 (tare da ci gaba a cikin makanikai masu ƙima) yana yiwuwa a bayyana abin da ke faruwa na haske azaman barbashi, a wasu lokuta, kuma a matsayin raƙuman ruwa, a wasu lokuta.
- Ka'idar launi
Bakan gizo ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan alamomin mutanen zamanin Newton. Wannan masanin kimiyya ya gano cewa hasken da ya fito daga rana yayin da farin farin ya ruguje zuwa launuka daban -daban ya zama bakan gizo.
Ya bincika ta ta amfani da ƙira a cikin ɗaki mai duhu. Ya bar wani katako na haske ya wuce a wani karkata ta rami. Wannan ya ratsa ta ɗayan fuskokin prism kuma ya kasu zuwa haskoki masu launi tare da kusurwa daban -daban.
Newton ya kuma yi amfani da abin da ake kira faifan Newton, da'irar da aka zana ja, orange, rawaya, kore, cyan, shuɗi, da shunayya. Ta hanyar murɗa diski cikin sauri, launuka suna haɗuwa don yin fari.
- Telescope na Newton
A shekara ta 1668, Newton ya gabatar da madubin hangen nesa wanda ke amfani da madubin rufi da madubi. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, masana kimiyya sun yi amfani da na’urar hangen nesa, wanda ya haɗa prism da ruwan tabarau don su iya faɗaɗa hoton don kallo a nesa mai nisa.
Duk da cewa ba shine farkon wanda yayi aiki da irin wannan na'urar hangen nesa ba, amma ana yaba masa da kammala kayan aikin da amfani da madubin parabolic.
- Siffar Duniya
Har zuwa lokacin, kuma godiya ga gudummawar da binciken Nicolás Copernicus da Galileo Galilei, an yi imani cewa Duniya cikakkiyar fanni ce.
Dangane da gaskiyar cewa duniya tana jujjuyawa akan axis nata da kuma dokar nauyi, Newton yayi amfani da lissafi kuma ya ɗauki nisa daga wurare daban -daban na duniya zuwa tsakiyar ta. Ya gano cewa waɗannan ma'aunai sun bambanta (diamita na mai daidaitawa ya fi diamita daga sanda zuwa sanda) kuma ya gano siffar oval na Duniya.
- Gudun sauti
A cikin 1687 Newton ya buga ka'idar sautin a cikin: Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, inda ya bayyana cewa saurin sautin bai dogara da karfin sa ko yawan sa ba, amma a kan kaddarorin zahiri na ruwan da yake tafiya. Misali: Idan ana fitar da sauti a ƙarƙashin ruwa zai yi tafiya da sauri fiye da wanda ake fitarwa a iska.
- Dokar isar da zafi
A halin yanzu da aka sani da dokar sanyaya Newton, wannan dokar ta bayyana cewa asarar zafin da jiki ke fuskanta ya yi daidai da bambancin zafin da ke tsakanin wannan jikin da kewayensa.
Misali: KOKofi na ruwan zafi zai yi sanyi da sauri a zafin jiki na 10 ° fiye da a zafin jiki na 32 °.
- Lissafi
Newton ya shiga cikin lissafin mara iyaka. Ya kira wannan juzu'in lissafin (abin da a yau muke kira abubuwan da suka samo asali), kayan aiki da ke taimakawa wajen ƙididdige orbits da curves. A farkon 1665 ya gano ka'idar binomial kuma ya haɓaka ƙa'idodin ƙididdigewa daban -daban.
Duk da cewa Newton shi ne ya fara yin waɗannan abubuwan, masanin lissafin nan na Jamus, Gottfried Leibniz, wanda, bayan ya gano ƙididdigar da kansa, ya wallafa abubuwan da ya gano a gaban Newton. Wannan ya jawo musu jayayya wanda bai gushe ba har sai mutuwar Newton a 1727.
- Tides
A cikin aikinsa: Philosophiae Naturalis Principia MathematicaNewton ya yi bayanin ayyukan raƙuman ruwa kamar yadda muka sani a yau. Ya gano cewa canjin ruwan yana faruwa ne saboda karfin nauyi na Rana da Wata a Duniya.
- Ci gaba da: Gudummawar Galileo Galilei
