Wadatacce
A fannin ilmin sunadarai, galibi ana kiran su tushe (ko kuma hydroxides) a ku abubuwan da, lokacin narkar da su cikin ruwa, suna sakin ions hydroxyl (OH–) da acid wanda suke da ikon sakin protons (H+).
Manufar tushe da acid an ɗan canza shi akan lokaci. Arrhenius ne ya zana ma'anar farko, ka'idar tasa tana da wasu iyakancewa, tunda wasu abubuwa kamar ammoniya suna yin abubuwa kamar tushe ba tare da samun hydroxyl ion a cikin ƙwayoyin su ba. Bugu da kari, Arrhenius kawai yayi la'akari da matsakaicin ruwa, amma halayen acid-tushe yana faruwa a wasu kafofin watsa labarai ma. rushewa ba ruwa ba.
Kusan shekaru arba'in bayan haka, a kusa da 1923, Brönsted da Lowry sun ƙirƙira wata ka'ida ta bayyana cewa acid da asassu suna aiki azaman nau'i -nau'i guda biyu, ta yadda acid shine abin da ke iya samar da protons kuma tushe shine wanda ke iya ɗaukar su. Ko da wannan ka'idar ba ta cika cikakke ba, tunda akwai abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ke da kaddarorin acidic ba tare da samun su ba zarra na hydrogen ionizable a cikin molecule.
Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa a matsayin ƙarin sashi na ka'idar sa akan covalent bond interatomic, Lewis ya nuna cewa acid shine duka abu wanda zai iya karɓar biyun electrons don ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwa (dative), yayin da duk wani abu da zai iya yin watsi da ya ce biyu na lantarki tushe ne.
Dangane da halayensu na rarrabuwa cikin ions, an rarrabasu acid da tushe cikin karfi da rauni. Acids yana raguwa pH na mafita, tushe ko alkalis suna ɗaga shi. Acids masu ƙarfi galibi suna lalata, wasu abubuwa suna narkewa da kyau a cikin kafofin watsa labarai waɗanda aka ɗan ɗanɗaɗa acid ko alkali.
Misalan acid
Wasu sanannun acid, ta hanyar misali:
- sulfuric acid (H2SW4) - acid ne mai ƙarfi tare da amfani da yawa, musamman a masana'antar nauyi, mai lalata sosai da haushi; Lokacin da aka narkar da shi, yana sakin zafi mai yawa, don haka dole ne a sarrafa shi (kamar sauran acid mai ƙarfi) tare da kulawa sosai. Ƙarfafa oxide.
- hydrochloric acid (HCl) - - duk da cewa acid ne mai ƙarfi, yana nan a cikin jikin ɗan adam, musamman a ciki, inda yake taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin narkewar abinci. Yawansa yana haifar da ƙwannafi.
- phosphoric acid (H3PO3) - wannan acid shine kayan abinci na yau da kullun a cikin abubuwan sha na carbonated. Amfani da irin waɗannan abubuwan sha na yau da kullun yana ƙaruwa saboda mummunan tasirin wannan acid akan metabolism na calcium, wanda ke shafar ƙasusuwa da hakora sama da duka.
- nitric acid (HNO3) - an gane acid mai ƙarfi, wanda ake amfani da shi don yin abubuwan fashewa da takin nitrogen, tsakanin sauran amfani.
- perchloric acid (HClO4) - wani acid mai ƙarfi wanda yake ruwa a cikin zafin jiki na ɗaki, yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan ƙonawa.
- hydrogen sulfide (H2S) - abu ne mai iskar gas mai ƙarfi da wari mara daɗi, mai guba a cikin babban taro, yana da aikace -aikacen masana'antu da yawa.
- ribonucleic acid - Yana da sashi na tsakiya na ribosomes, yana da mahimmanci don aiwatar da aikin haɗin furotin na duniya don kammalawa daga deoxyribonucleic acid, wanda ke da alaƙa da shi.
- acetylsalicylic acid - Yana da matukar muhimmanci kwayoyin acid, tare da analgesic da anti-inflammatory Properties; shine tushen asfirin.
- lactic acid - yana fitowa daga rushewar glucose yayin aikin anaerobic na babban ƙarfi da ɗan gajeren lokaci. A karkashin yanayi na yau da kullun, ana sake amfani da wannan lactic acid, amma idan ya tara, yana haifar da lalacewar ƙwayoyin tsoka, musamman a cikin mawuyacin hali.
- allylic acid - Yana da sinadarin acid wanda yake cikin kayan marmari kamar tafarnuwa ko albasa, wanda aka samo daga ƙaddara wanda shima yana cikin irin wannan nau'in, allicin. Yana da germicidal da antioxidant.
- Retinoic acid - ana amfani da shi a zahiri, yana hana keratinization, ana amfani dashi a cikin kirim akan fata da tsufa. Yakamata ayi amfani dashi karkashin kulawar likita.
- butyric acid - samfurin ƙarshe na fermentation na wasu carbohydrates da microorganisms ke aiwatarwa a cikin rumen; galibi yana daga cikin kitsen dabbobi a ƙanana.
- propionic acid - kayan abinci, ana amfani da shi don hana ɓarna da ƙwayoyin cuta na samfuran burodi da sauran su.
- benzoic acid - ana amfani dashi azaman mai kiyayewa wanda aka ƙara zuwa samfura daban -daban (mayonnaise, kayan gwangwani), galibi a cikin nau'in gishiri (sodium benzoate)
- acetic acid - Ana kiyaye kayan abinci da yawa a cikin gida, tushe don vinaigrettes da pickles. Shi ne mafi yawan bangaren vinegar.
- acidhydroiodic
- succinic acid
- hydrobromic acid
- citric acid
- acidoxalic
Duba kuma a cikin: Misalan Acids
Misalan tushe
Yanzu, an jera wasu tushe (waɗanda na karafa an fi sani da suna hydroxides):
- sodium hydroxide (caustic soda)
- magnesium hydroxide (madarar magnesia)
- alli hydroxide(lemun tsami)
- potassium hydroxide
- barium hydroxide
- iron hydroxide
- Ammoniya
- Sabulu
- Mai shayarwa
- Quinine
- Aniline
- Guanin
- Pyrimidine
- Cytosine
- Addinin
- sinadarin hydroxide
- jan karfe hydroxide
- zirconium hydroxide
- titanium hydroxide
- aluminum hydroxide(antacid)
Duba ƙarin a: Misalan Tushen Chemical
