Wadatacce
Kamar yadda kusan dukkanin ƙasashen Latin Amurka, da 'Yancin Mexico Ya ƙunshi dogon tarihi, siyasa da tsarin zamantakewa wanda ya kawo ƙarshen ta hannun makamai zuwa mulkin Spain kan wannan ƙasa ta nahiyar Amurka.
Inji tsari Ya fara da mamayar da Faransa ta yi wa Masarautar Spain a 1808, inda aka sauke Sarki Fernando VII. Wannan ya raunana kasancewar Masarautar Mutanen Espanya a cikin yankuna kuma fitattun fitattun Amurka sun yi amfani da su don yin shelar rashin biyayya ga sarkin da aka ɗora, don haka suka ɗauki matakan farko don samun 'yancin kai.
A cikin shari'ar Mexico, alamar farko na nuna 'yancin kai a bayyane shine abin da ake kira "Grito de Dolores", na Satumba 16, 1810, ya faru a cikin Ikklesiya ta Dolores a cikin jihar Guanajuato, lokacin da firist Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, tare da Messrs. Juan Allende da Juan Aldama, suka buga kararrawar cocin kuma suka yi wa ikilisiya kira don jahilci da rashin biyayya na mataimakin mataimakin gwamnan New. Spain.
Wannan alamar ta kasance gabanin tashin hankali na soja a cikin 1808 akan Viceroy José de Iturrigaray, wanda yayi shelar iko idan babu halattaccen sarki; Amma duk da cewa an murkushe juyin mulkin kuma an daure shugabanni a kurkuku, ihun neman 'yancin kai ya bazu zuwa garuruwa daban -daban na Viceroyalty, yana mai tsatstsauran bukatunsu yayin da aka shaku da su. Don haka, suna neman dawowar Fernando VII, 'yan tawayen sun tafi cikin buƙatun zamantakewa mai zurfi, kamar soke bautar.
A shekara ta 1810, ɗan tawayen José María Morelos y Pavón ya kira lardunan samun 'yancin kai ga Majalisar Anáhuac, inda za su ba ƙungiyar fafutukar' yancin kai da tsarin doka. Duk da haka an rage wannan yunƙurin na yaƙin yaƙi a kusa da 1820 kuma kusan ya tarwatse, har zuwa lokacin da aka ba da sanarwar Tsarin Mulki na Cádiz a wannan shekarar ta harzuka matsayin manyan mutanen yankin, wanda har zuwa lokacin ya goyi bayan Mataimakin.
Daga wannan lokacin, limaman coci da aristocracy na New Spain za su fito fili su goyi bayan fafutukar neman 'yancin kai kuma, wanda Agustín de Iturbide da Vicente Guerrero ke jagoranta, waɗanda suka haɗa ƙoƙarin gwagwarmayar' yan tawaye a ƙarƙashin tutar guda ɗaya a cikin shirin Iguala na 1821. A wannan shekarar, za a cika 'yancin kan Mexico., tare da shigar Sojojin Trigarante zuwa Birnin Mexico a ranar 27 ga Satumba.
Sanadin 'yancin kai na Mexico
- Bayanan Ferdinand VII. Kamar yadda muka fada a baya, ɗaukar sojojin Spain da sojojin Napoleon da sanyawa kan kursiyin ɗan'uwan Napoleon, José Bonaparte, ya haifar da rashin jin daɗi a cikin mazaunan Amurka, wanda, tun da daɗewa bai gamsu da ƙuntatawar kasuwanci da birni ya sanya ba, ya ga damar a bayyane yake adawa da Masarautar Spain.
- Zalunci na tsarin caste. Rikicin na Creoles, mestizos da Spaniards a cikin New Spain, kazalika da zullumin da tsarin caste ya yi wa 'yan asalin da manoma, har ma da ƙarni uku na zaluncin Turai, sune ainihin wurin kiwo don burin. da sha'awar canjin zamantakewa wanda ya haifar da ƙoƙarin juyin juya hali na farko.
- Canjin Bourbon. Masarautar Spain, duk da yalwar yankunan mulkin mallaka na Amurka, ba ta sarrafa albarkatun ta sosai kuma ta yi asarar dimbin arzikin Sabuwar Duniya a lokacin da aka tura ma'adanai da albarkatu zuwa Turai. Neman zamanantar da waɗannan shirye -shiryen da ƙarin fa'ida daga arziƙin New Spain, an inganta jerin gyare -gyare a cikin mulkin mallaka a cikin karni na 18, wanda zai kara talaucin rayuwar Amurkawa kuma kai tsaye zai shafi tattalin arzikin manyan mashahuran yanki..
- Ƙasar kishin ƙasa Creole da ra'ayoyin Faransanci. Masu ilimi a cikin Paris, manyan Creole sun kasance masu karɓan jawabai masu fa'ida na Haske, waɗanda suka fito daga Juyin Juya Halin Faransa. Don wannan dole ne a ƙara gwagwarmayar akida tsakanin Creoles na Mekziko, wanda ya ɗaukaka rashin aminci a kan aminci ga babban birni, da mulkin ƙasa a kan yankunan Amurka.Wannan kishin kasa na Creole ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yada ra'ayoyin 'yancin kai.
- 'Yancin Amurka. Maƙwabta na nan da nan na Amurka, waɗanda suka sami 'yancin kai daga Masarautar Burtaniya a cikin 1783, Creoles na Sabuwar Spain sun ga a cikin wannan rikici abin koyi da za a bi, wanda ya haifar da nasarar ra'ayoyin Haskakawa akan tsohuwar al'adar masarautar Turai.
Sakamakon 'yancin kai na Mexico
- Farkon ƙarshen mulkin mallaka da farkon daular Mexico. Bayan shekaru goma sha ɗaya na Yaƙin 'Yanci, an sami jimillar cin gashin kai na New Spain daga babban birnin ruwa, wanda ba zai gane shi a bainar jama'a ba har zuwa 1836. Gwagwarmayar neman' yancin kai ta ci gaba da Daular Mexico ta farko, masarautar Katolika wacce ta ɗauki shekaru biyu kaɗai, suna da'awar a matsayin yankin nasu na wanda ke ƙarƙashin tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban New Spain, kuma yana shelar Agustín de Iturbide a matsayin sarki. A cikin 1823, a cikin tashin hankali na cikin gida, Mexico ta rabu da Amurka ta Tsakiya kuma ta ayyana kanta Jamhuriya mai cin gashin kanta.
- Kashe bautar, haraji da takarda da aka rufe. Juyin 'yancin kai ya ga lokacin a cikin 1810 don sanar, ta hanyar Doka game da bautar, gavels da takarda da aka rufe na shugaban rundunar masu tayar da kayar baya, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, makasudin kawo karshen tsarin bautar da jama'a, da kuma harajin da aka sanya wa mestizos da 'yan asalin, haramcin aikin gungu da amfani da tambarin takarda. a cikin kasuwanci.
- Ƙarshen al'umma caste. Ƙarshen mulkin mulkin mallaka na mulkin mallaka, wanda ya bambanta tsakanin mutane da launin fatarsu da asalin ƙabilarsu, ya ba da damar fara gwagwarmayar ramawa ga al'umma ta daidaici a gaban doka da ƙarin dama ga tsiraru da aka zalunta.
- Yaki tsakanin Mexico da Amurka. Raunin sabbin gwamnatocin gwamnatin Mexico mai zaman kansa bai san yadda za a shawo kan buƙatun faɗaɗawar Amurka ba, waɗanda iƙirarin su na biyan diyya ga lalacewar da ta faru a Texas (wanda ya ba da sanarwar kansa mai zaman kansa a 1836 tare da taimakon Amurka) a lokacin Yaƙin 'Yanci, wanda aka jagoranta a 1846 zuwa faɗa mai kama da yaƙi tsakanin ƙasashen biyu: Tsoma bakin Amurka a Mexico. A can, waɗanda da farko suka nuna kansu a matsayin abokan kawancen Mexico masu zaman kansu ba tare da kunya ba sun sace arewacin yankinsu: Texas, California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Colorado da Utah.
- Takaicin fatan raba dukiya. Kamar yadda a yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa na Amurka, alƙawarin raba madaidaicin tattalin arziƙi da dama na zamantakewa ya ɓaci saboda wadatar manyan mutane na gida, waɗanda suka daina ba da lissafi ga Spain amma suna son ci gaba da samun wani matsayi na gata a matsayin masu jagorantar al'umma bayan mulkin mallaka. Wannan zai haifar da rikice -rikicen cikin gida da rikice -rikice na cikin shekaru masu zuwa.
