Misalai 20 na Abubuwa Masu Karɓi - Encyclopedia

Wadatacce

Misalan abubuwa masu lalata
Iya bauta maka

The abubuwa masu lalata Su ne wadanda ke da ikon lalata ko lalata barnar da ba a iya juyawa ba.

Abubuwan da ke lalata suna da haɗari ga halittu masu rai, na iya haifar da haushi ko ƙonewa ga kyallen fata, idanu, fili na numfashi ko hanji wanda zai iya haifar da mutuwa. An san ire -iren wadannan abubuwan da ake kira kone -kone.

Wajibi ne a yi amfani da waɗannan nau'ikan kayan tare da kayan aikin rufi da suka dace: safofin hannu, sutura, abin rufe fuska. A wuraren da aka ajiye ko aka mallaka, bisa ƙa'idojin ƙasa da ƙasa, saka tare da gunkin lalata.

Gabaɗaya, abubuwa masu lalata suna da matsanancin pH, wato, musamman acidic ko na asali, kodayake su ma suna iya zama abubuwa masu ƙonawa sosai ko na wani yanayi. A cikin hulɗa da kwayoyin halitta acid catalyze lipid hydrolysis ko denaturation na furotin, Har ila yau, yana haifar da samar da caloric wanda sakamakon haɗin gwiwarsa ke haifar da lalacewar nama. Bases, a gefe guda, suna busar da kwayoyin halitta a cikin matsananciyar hanya.

Misalan abubuwa masu lalata

Hydrochloric acid. Tare da dabara HCl, wanda kuma aka sani da acid muriatic ko etchingYa zama ruwan dare a fitar da shi daga gishirin teku, ko a samar da shi a lokacin kona wasu robobi. Yana da lalata sosai kuma yana da pH ƙasa da 1, wanda shine dalilin da yasa ake amfani dashi azaman mai narkewa, azaman mai narkar da masana'antu ko a matsayin mai haɓakawa a cikin samar da wasu abubuwan sunadarai.
Nitric acid. Na dabara HNO₃, ruwa ne mai ɗorewa wanda galibi ana amfani dashi azaman reagent a cikin dakin gwaje -gwaje, saboda yana cikin abubuwan da suka ƙunshi Trinitrotoluene (TNT) ko taki iri -iri kamar ammonium nitrate. Hakanan ana iya samun narkar da shi cikin ruwan acid, sananne yanayin muhalli sakamakon gurbata ruwa.
Sulfuric acid. Tsarinsa shine H₂SW₄ kuma yana daya daga cikin samfuran samfuran da suka yi fice a duniya, tunda galibi ana amfani da shi ne don samun takin zamani, ko hada sinadarin acid, sulfates ko ma a masana'antar man fetir. Hakanan yana da amfani a ciki masana'antu na steels kuma a kera kowane iri batura.
Formic acid. Da aka sani da methanoic acid da dabara CH₂KO₂, shine mafi sauƙi na ƙwayoyin acid, wanda kwari ke ɓoye su kamar jan tururuwa (Rufe form) ko ƙudan zuma azaman tsarin kariya mai guba. Hakanan ana samar da shi ta hanyar nettles, ko cikin ruwan acid saboda gurɓataccen yanayi. A cikin adadi kaɗan yana iya haifar da ƙananan haushi, amma duk da kasancewar asalin halitta shine acid mai ƙarfi.
Mai da hankali acetic acid. Sunan methylcarboxyl acid ko ethanoic acid da tsarin sunadarai C₂H₄KO₂, shine acid na vinegar, wanda ke ba shi ɗanyen dandano da ƙanshi. Hakanan acid ɗin Organic ne, kamar formic acid, amma yana da rauni sosai saboda aikace -aikacen sa sun bambanta kuma basu da haɗari. Ko da hakane, a cikin babban taro yana iya zama haɗari ga lafiya.
Zinc chloride. Zinc chloride (ZnCl₂) yana a m fiye ko lessasa fari da crystalline, mai narkewa sosai cikin ruwa, ana amfani dashi sosai a masana'antar yadi kuma a matsayin mai haɓakawa a cikin dakin gwaje -gwaje. Ba shi da guba musamman, amma a gaban ruwa yana haifar da yanayi mai zafi (har ma da cikin iska na yanayi) kuma yana iya lalata musamman, musamman ga cellulose da siliki.
Aluminum chloride. Na dabara AlCl₃, Yana game da a mahadi wanda ke da abubuwan acidic da na asali a lokaci guda, gwargwadon yadda aka narkar da shi. Talaka ne madubin lantarki kuma yana da ƙaramin narkewa da wurin tafasa, wanda shine dalilin da yasa ake amfani dashi a cikin hanyoyin sunadarai azaman mai haifar da halayen, a cikin kiyaye itace ko fasa mai. Bayyanawa ga wannan fili yana da illa sosai ga jiki, kuma yana iya barin jerin abubuwan na dindindin a cikin ɗan gajeren lokacin fallasa kuma tare da kulawar likita cikin gaggawa.
Boron trifluoride. Tsarin sa shine BF₃ kuma iskar gas ce mai launi marar launi wacce ke samar da farin gizagizai a cikin iska mai iska. Ana amfani dashi akai -akai a cikin dakin gwaje -gwaje kamar ruwan acid da kuma samun wasu mahadi da boron. Ƙarfin ƙarfe ne mai ƙarfi, wanda zai iya cin baƙin ƙarfe a gaban danshi.
Sodium hydroxide. Caustic soda ko caustic soda, tare da dabara NaOH, tushe ne mai ƙazantaccen tushe wanda ya wanzu azaman farin crystalline da daskararru mara ƙamshi, wanda rushewarsa cikin ruwa ko acid yana haifar da zafi mai yawa. Ana amfani da shi a cikin kashi ɗaya ko ƙasa da ɗari bisa ɗari a cikin takarda, masana'anta da masana'antun wanki, haka kuma a masana'antar mai.
Potassium hydroxide. An san shi azaman caustic potash kuma tare da tsarin sunadarai KOH, shine mahaɗin inorganic mai ƙoshin gaske, wanda ake amfani da gurɓataccen yanayi a aikace -aikace azaman saponifier mai (a cikin samar da sabulu). Rushewarsa cikin ruwa exothermic ne, wato yana haifar da kuzarin zafi.
Sodium hydride. Tare da dabara NaH, abu ne mai narkewa sosai tare da launi mai haske, wanda aka rarrabe shi azaman tushe mai ƙarfi kamar yadda yake da ikon ɓarna acid daban -daban. Baya ga wannan, yana da ƙazamar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙazanta, tunda yana adana adadi mai yawa na hydrogen, yana mai sa ya zama mai ƙarfi kuma ana amfani dashi azaman mai narkewa.
Dimethyl sulfate. A karkashin yanayi na yau da kullun, wannan mahaɗin tsarin sunadarai C₂H₆KO₄S ruwa ne mara launi, mai mai, tare da ƙanshin albasa kaɗan, wanda aka jera a matsayin mai ƙarfi alkylator. Yana da guba mai guba: carcinogenic, mutagenic, corrosive da guba, don haka ana amfani da amfani da shi a cikin hanyoyin methylation na dakin gwaje -gwaje tare da sauran masu haɗari masu haɗari. Hakanan yana da haɗari a cikin muhalli kuma ba mai rikitarwa, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa galibi ana ɗaukar sa a matsayin makami mai guba mai yiwuwa.
Phenol (carbolic acid). Tsarin sunadarai C₆H₆Ko kuma da sunaye da yawa masu yawa, wannan fili a tsarkin sa shine farar fata mai launin fari ko mara launi, wanda za a iya haɗa shi daga hadawan abu da iskar shaka da benzene. Yana cikin babban buƙata a masana'antar resin, har ma a cikin kera nailan, amma kuma azaman kayan aikin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, maganin kashe ƙwari da magungunan kashe ƙwari. Yana da sauƙin flammable da lalata.
Acetyl chloride. Hakanan ana kiranta ethanoyl chloride, halide ne wanda aka samo daga ethanoic acid, wanda a zafin jiki da matsin lamba ba shi da launi. Ginin ne wanda babu shi a cikin yanayi, tunda a gaban ruwa yana lalata cikin ethanoic acid da hydrochloric acid. Ana amfani dashi ko'ina azaman mai canza launi, maganin kashe ƙwari, maganin kashe kwari har ma azaman maganin sa barci, duk da cewa yana lalata ta hanyar amsawa.
Sodium hypochlorite. An san shi bleach Lokacin da aka narkar da shi a cikin ruwa, wannan fili tare da dabarun sunadarai NaClO mai ƙarfi ne mai ƙarfi kuma yana aiki sosai tare da chlorine, don haka yana haifar da iskar gas mai guba. Ana amfani dashi sosai azaman bleach, mai tsabtace ruwa da mai kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, tunda a cikin wasu abubuwan yana da ikon narkar da kwayoyin halitta akan hulɗa.
Benzyl Chloroformate. Ruwa ne mai mai ƙamshi mai ƙamshi wanda zai iya kasancewa daga marar launi zuwa rawaya kuma yana da tsarin sunadarai C₈H₇ClO₂. Mai haɗari ga muhalli da dabbobin ruwa, yana zama phosphogen lokacin zafi kuma ya zama mai ƙonewa sosai. Yana da carcinogenic kuma yana lalata sosai.
Ƙananan ƙarfe alkali. Duk wani ƙarfe na alkali a cikin mafi tsarkinsa ko gabatarwa na asali, kamar lithium (Li), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs) ko Francium (Fr), yana yin saurin sauri da iskar oxygen da ruwa, saboda haka ba su taɓa kasancewa ba. ana gani a yanayi a cikin yanayin su na asali. A cikin duka biyun suna amsawa da ƙarfi, suna haifar da zafi mai yawa, wanda shine dalilin da yasa zasu iya zama masu haushi ko caustic da haɗari ga lafiya.
Phosphorous pentoxide. An san shi phosphorous oxide (V) ko phosphoric oxide, Farin foda ne na tsarin kwayoyin P₂KO₅. Kasancewa musamman hygroscopic (desiccant), yana da abubuwa masu lalata sosai kuma yakamata a guji hulda da kowane nau'in jiki. Bugu da ƙari, narkar da shi a cikin ruwa yana haifar da acid mai ƙarfi wanda ke amsawa a gaban ƙarfe, yana haifar da guba mai ƙonewa.
Calcium oxide. Kira sauri kuma tare da tsarin sunadarai CaO, abu ne wanda ɗan adam ya daɗe yana amfani da shi, wanda aka samo shi daga dutsen limestone. Yana da aikace -aikace a cikin gine -gine da aikin gona, tunda ba mai guba bane ko gurɓataccen abu, amma idan aka haɗa shi da ruwa yana haifar da ƙima, don haka zai iya harzuƙa hanji, fata ko haifar da lalacewar ido sosai.
Mai da hankali ammoniya. Kullum ammonia, gas mara launi tare da ƙanshin ƙamshi wanda ya ƙunshi nitrogen (NH₃), ana samar da shi a cikin wasu hanyoyin sarrafa kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke kawar da shi zuwa muhalli saboda gubarsa. Hasali ma, yana nan a cikin fitsarin mutum. Koyaya, yawancin abubuwan da ke tattare da shi suna fitar da iskar gas mai cutarwa wanda ke cutar da muhalli, musamman a cikin abubuwa kamar ammonia anhydride.