Organic da Inorganic Molecules

Wadatacce

• Kwayoyin halitta
• Inorganic Molecules
• Misalan kwayoyin halitta
• Misalan kwayoyin inorganic

Chemistry ya bambanta tsakanin iri biyu na kwayoyin na al'amarin, a cewar nau'in atom wanda ya kunshi su: kwayoyin halitta kuma kwayoyin inorganic.

Babban bambanci tsakanin nau'ikan kwayoyin guda biyu (da tsakanin abubuwan da suka haɗa da su) ya dogara, fiye da komai, a gaban sinadarin carbon (C) da ke yin haɗin gwiwa tare da sauran atom ɗin carbon ko tare da atoms na hydrogen (H), da sauran abubuwa masu yawa kamar oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), Sulfur (S), Phosphorus (P) da sauran su da yawa.

Molecules waɗanda ke da wannan tsarin tushen carbon an san su da kwayoyin halitta kuma suna da mahimmanci ga rayuwa kamar yadda muka sani.

• Duba: Ƙwayoyin Halittu da Inorganic

Kwayoyin halitta

Ofaya daga cikin manyan sifofin abubuwan halitta shine nasu konewa, wato suna iya ƙonawa kuma su rasa ko canza tsarin su na asali, kamar yadda lamarin ya kasance ga sinadarin hydrocarbons da ya ƙunshi burbushin mai. A gefe guda, akwai nau'ikan abubuwa guda biyu, dangane da asalin su:

• Halittun kwayoyin halitta. Wadanda ake hadawa da su halittu masu rai kuma wannan shine ginshiƙan ginshiƙan ginin don aiki da haɓaka jikinsu. An san su da biomolecules.
• Kwayoyin halitta na wucin gadi. Sun samo asali daga hannun mutum, tunda ba su wanzu a yanayi kamar haka. Wannan lamari ne na robobi, misali.

Ya kamata a lura da hakan nau’ukan kwayoyin halitta guda hudu ne kacal suka hada jikin halittu masu rai: furotin, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleotides da kananan kwayoyin.

Inorganic Molecules

The kwayoyin inorganic, Na biyu, Ba su dogara da carbon ba, amma wasu abubuwa daban -daban, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa suke da asalin asalinsu ga sojojin da ke rayuwa, kamar aikin electromagnetism da mahaɗan nukiliya daban -daban waɗanda ke ba da izinin halayen sunadarai. Haɗin atomic a cikin wannan nau'in ƙwayar na iya zama ionic (electrovalent) ko covalent, amma abin da suke haifarwa bai taɓa zama kwayoyin rayuwa ba.

Layin rarrabuwa tsakanin kwayoyin halitta da kwayoyin halitta ba sau da yawa ana yin tambaya kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai son rai, tunda abubuwa da yawa na inorganic sun ƙunshi carbon da hydrogen. Koyaya, ƙa'idar da aka kafa tana nuna hakan duk kwayoyin halittu sun dogara ne akan carbon, amma ba dukkan sinadarin carbon ba ne kwayoyin halitta.

• Duba kuma: Organic da Inorganic Matter

Misalan kwayoyin halitta

1. Glucose (C₆H₁₂KO₆). Ofaya daga cikin manyan sugars (carbohydrates) waɗanda ke zama tushen ginin polymers daban -daban (ajiyar kuzarin ko aikin tsari), kuma daga sarrafa sinadarin biochemical, dabbobi suna samun kuzarin su (numfashi).
2. Cellulose (C₆H₁₀KO₅). Biopolymer yana da mahimmanci don rayuwar tsire -tsire da mafi yawan ƙwayoyin halittar halittu a doron ƙasa. Ba tare da shi ba, ba zai yiwu a gina bangon tantanin halitta na ƙwayoyin tsiro ba, don haka yana da ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta tare da ayyukan tsarin da ba za a iya canza su ba.
3. Fructose (C₆H₁₂KO₆). A sukari monosaccharide yana cikin 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan marmari da zuma, yana da tsari iri ɗaya amma tsarin glucose daban (shine isomer ɗin sa). Tare da na ƙarshen, yana haifar da sucrose ko sukari tebur na kowa.
4. Formic acid (CH₂KO₂). Mafi sauƙin acid ɗin da ke wanzuwa, wanda tururuwa da ƙudan zuma ke amfani da su azaman abin haushi ga hanyoyin kare su. Har ila yau, nettle da sauran tsirrai masu tsini suna ɓoye shi, kuma yana cikin abubuwan da ke haɗa zuma.
5. Methane (CH₄). The hydrocarbon Alkane mafi sauƙin duka, wanda sifar gas ɗin ta ba ta da launi, ƙamshi kuma insoluble cikin ruwa. Shi ne mafi yawan ɓangaren iskar gas da samfur mai yawa na hanyoyin narkar da dabbobi.
6. Collagen Sunadaran da ake buƙata don ƙirƙirar fibers, gama gari ga duk dabbobin da ke yin kasusuwa, jijiyoyi da fata, wanda ke haɓaka har zuwa 25% na jimlar sunadaran jikin dabbobi masu shayarwa.
7. Benzene (C₆H₆). Hydrocarbon mai ƙanshi wanda ya ƙunshi atom carbon guda shida a cikin cikakkiyar hexagon kuma haɗin hydrogen ya haɗa shi, ruwa ne mara launi tare da ƙanshin ƙanshi mai ƙonewa. An san shi a matsayin ainihin kwayoyin duk ilmin sunadarai, tunda shine farkon farawa a cikin gina abubuwa da yawa masu rikitarwa.
8. DNA. Deoxyribonucleic acid shine polymer nucleotide kuma shine asalin kwayoyin halittar halittun halittu masu rai, waɗanda umarnin su ke ba da damar kwafin duk abubuwan da ake buƙata don ƙirƙirar sa, aiki da haifuwarsa. Ba tare da su ba, watsa gado ba zai yiwu ba.
9. RNA. Ribonucleic acid shine sauran muhimman kwayoyin halitta a cikin hada sunadarai da abubuwan da suka hada halittu masu rai. An samar da shi ta hanyar sarkar ribonucleotides, yana dogaro ne da DNA don aiwatarwa da haɓakar lambar ƙwayar cuta, maɓalli a cikin rarrabuwa na sel kuma a cikin kundin tsarin duk sifofin rayuwa masu rikitarwa.
10. Cholesterol. Lipid yana cikin kyallen takarda na jiki da plasma na jini vertebrates, yana da mahimmanci a cikin kundin tsarin membran plasma na sel, duk da cewa babban matakan sa a cikin jini na iya haifar da matsaloli a zagawar jini.

Misalan kwayoyin inorganic

1. Carbon Monoxide (CO). Duk da ya ƙunshi carbon ɗaya kawai da atom oxygen ɗaya, kwayoyin halitta ce da a gurbata muhalli mai guba sosai, wato kasancewar kasancewar bai dace da yawancin sanannun rayayyun halittu ba.
2. Ruwa (H₂KO). Yayin da yake da mahimmanci ga rayuwa kuma wataƙila ɗayan mafi yawan sanannun kuma yalwar ƙwayoyin, ruwa ba shi da tushe. Yana da ikon ɗaukar abubuwa masu rai a ciki, kamar kifi, kuma yana cikin rayayyun halittu, amma baya raye yadda yakamata.
3. Ammoniya (NH₃). Gas mara launi tare da wari mai ban tsoro, kasancewar sa a cikin rayayyun halittu shine mai guba da mutuwa, ko da yake shi ne samfur na yawancin hanyoyin nazarin halittu. Shi yasa ake fitar da shi daga jikinsu, a cikin fitsari, misali.
4. Sodium chloride (NaCl). Kwayar gishirin gama gari, mai narkewa a cikin ruwa kuma yana kasancewa a cikin rayayyun halittu, wanda ke cinye shi ta hanyar abincin su kuma ya zubar da abin da ya wuce ta wasu matakai na rayuwa.
5. Calcium oxide (CaO). An san shi da lemun tsami ko lemun tsami, ya fito ne daga duwatsun limestone kuma an daɗe ana amfani da shi a cikin aikin gini ko a ƙera wutar Girkanci.
6. Ozone (O₃). Abun abu yana dadewa a saman saman sararin samaniya (lemar ozone) wanda yanayin sa na musamman wanda ke ba shi damar wanzuwa, tun da yake ƙa'idojin sa sun lalace kuma sun dawo da tsarin diatomic (O₂). Ana amfani da shi don tsabtace ruwa, amma a cikin adadi mai yawa yana iya zama mai haushi da ɗan guba.
7. Ferric oxide (Fe₂KO₃). Iron oxide na ƙarfe, ƙarfe da aka daɗe ana amfani da shi a masana'antun ɗan adam daban -daban, launin ja ne kuma ba shi da kyau madugun wutar lantarki. Yana da tsayayyen zafi kuma yana narkewa cikin sauƙi acid, yana haifar da wasu mahadi.
8. Helium (Ya). Gas mai daraja, tare da argon, neon, xenon da krypton, na ƙarancin sinadarin sake kunnawa, wanda ya wanzu a cikin tsarin sa na monatomic.
9. Carbon dioxide (CO₂). Molecule sakamakon numfashi, wanda ke fitar da shi, amma ya zama dole don photosynthesis na shuka, wanda ke ɗauke da shi daga iska. Abu ne mai mahimmanci ga rayuwa, amma ba zai iya gina ƙwayoyin kwayoyin halitta ba, duk da kasancewar atom ɗin carbon.
10. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Fararen lu'ulu'u marasa ƙamshi, waɗanda aka sani da caustic soda, tushe ne mai ƙarfi, wato, wani abu mai datti sosai, wanda ke haifar da zafi (haifar da zafi) lokacin narkar da shi cikin ruwa. A cikin hulɗa da abubuwa na halitta yana haifar da lalacewar lalata.

Yana iya ba ku:

• Misalan Molecules
• Misalan Macromolecules
• Misalan Biomolecules
• Misalan Biochemistry