Karfe da Nonmetals

Wadatacce

• Bambanci tsakanin ƙarfe da ƙarfe
• Misalan karafa
• Misalan abubuwan da ba ƙarfe ba

Duk abin da aka sani ya ƙunshi zarra, daga 112 sinadaran abubuwa cewa make up the tebur na lokaci -lokaci. An rarrabe waɗannan abubuwan, gwargwadon yanayin su da kaddarorin su, a cikin karafa da wadanda ba karafa ba.

Kawai 25 daga cikin abubuwan 112 ƙarfe ne, galibi suna fitowa ne ma'adanai kuma tare da kaddarorin lantarki da mu'amala sosai aka yi nazarin su ta hanyar ilmin sunadarai. A gefe guda, sauran abubuwan, waɗanda ba ƙarfe ba, suna da mahimmanci don rayuwa kuma su ƙunshi nau'ikan nau'ikan abubuwan da aka sani.

Bambanci tsakanin ƙarfe da ƙarfe

Karfe da ba karafa ba ana rarrabe su a cikin kaddarorinsu na asali da nau'o'in halayensu masu yiwuwa.

• The karafa su, ban da mercury, daskararru a zafin jiki na ɗaki. Suna sheki, fiye ko lessasa ductile da malleable, kuma suna da kyau madugun wutar lantarki da zafi. A cikin hulɗa da iskar oxygen ko acid, suna oxidize da lalata (asarar electrons) tunda yadudduka na waje suna da ƙarancin ƙarancin lantarki (3 ko ƙasa da haka).
• The babu karafa, maimakon haka, galibi suna matalautan madugun wutar lantarki da zafi, na bayyanani iri -iri da wuraren narkewa gabaɗaya suna ƙasa da ƙarfe. Da yawa suna wanzu ne kawai a cikin tsarin biatomic (kwayoyin), suna iya zama taushi kamar sulfur ko mai wuya kamar lu'u -lu'u, kuma ana iya samun su a cikin kowane ɗayan abubuwa uku na kwayoyin halitta: gas, ruwa da kauri. Bugu da ƙari, kamannin su ba yawanci yana nuna haske ba kuma suna iya samun launi daban -daban.

A ƙarshe, abubuwan ƙarfe galibi ana haɗa su ta hanyar alaƙar lantarki (cajin ions), yayin da abubuwan da ba ƙarfe suke samar da sifofi masu rikitarwa ta hanyar ɗaurin iri iri (hydrogen, peptide, da sauransu). Saboda haka ilmin sunadarai ko rayuwa ita ce ta karshen, ko da yake rayayyun halittu sun haɗu da nau'ikan abubuwa biyu.

Misalan karafa

1. Iron (Fe). Har ila yau ana kiranta baƙin ƙarfeYana daya daga cikin mafi yawan karafa a cikin dunkulen duniya, wanda ya zama ainihin zuciyar duniyar, inda take cikin ruwa. Babban abin da ya fi burge shi, ban da taurin sa da raunin sa, shine babban ƙarfin ferromagnetic. Ta hanyar haɗa shi da carbon yana yiwuwa a sami ƙarfe.
2. Magnesium (Mg). Abu na uku mafi girma a duniya, duka a cikin ɓawon burodi da narkar da shi a cikin tekuna, bai taɓa faruwa a yanayi ba tsarki hali, amma kamar ions a cikin gishiri. Yana da mahimmanci don rayuwa, mai amfani don gami da ƙonewa sosai.
3. Zinariya (Au). Ƙarfe mai haske mai taushi mai taushi wanda baya amsawa da yawancin sinadaran abubuwa sai dai cyanide, mercury, chlorine, da bleach. A cikin tarihi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin al'adun tattalin arziƙin ɗan adam, a matsayin alamar dukiya da tallafi ga agogo.
4. Azurfa (Ag). Wani daga cikin karafa masu daraja shine fari, mai haske, ductile da malleable, ana samun sa a yanayi a matsayin wani ɓangare na ma'adanai daban -daban ko azaman tsinken sinadarin sinadarin, tunda yana da yawa a cikin ɓawon ƙasa. Shi ne mafi kyawun jagorar zafi da wutar lantarki da aka sani.
5. Aluminum (Al). Ƙaramin haske, ƙarfe wanda ba ferromagnetic ba, na uku mafi yawa a cikin ɓawon ƙasa. Yana da ƙima sosai a cikin masana'antun masana'antu da ƙarfe da ƙarfe, tunda ta hanyar allo yana yiwuwa a sami bambance -bambancen juriya mafi girma amma hakan yana riƙe da ƙwarewarsu. Yana da low yawa da juriya mai kyau ga lalata.
6. Nikel (Ni). Karfe sosai ductile kuma malleable sosai, madugu mai kyau na wutar lantarki da zafi, gami da kasancewa ferromagnetic. Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan ƙarfe, tare da iridium, osmium, da baƙin ƙarfe. Yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwa, kamar yadda yake cikin yawancin mutane enzymes kuma furotin.
7. Zinc (Zn). Karfe ne mai sauyawa irin na cadmium da magnesium, wanda galibi ana amfani da su a cikin hanyoyin galvanizing, wato, rufin kariya na sauran karafa. Yana da tsayayya sosai ga lalacewar filastik mai sanyi, wanda shine dalilin da yasa ake aiki sama da 100 ° C.
8. Jagora (Pb). Abinda kawai zai iya dakatar da aikin rediyo shine gubar. Yana da wani abu na musamman, wanda aka ba shi sassaucin ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, sauƙin narkewa da juriya mai ƙarfi ga acid mai ƙarfi kamar sulfuric ko hydrochloric.
9. Tin (Sn). Karfe mai nauyi da sauƙi hadawan abu da iskar shaka, ana amfani dashi da yawa don samar da juriya ga lalata. Lokacin lanƙwasa, yana samar da sautin da ya bambanta wanda aka yi wa lakabi da "kukan tin."
10. Sodium (Na). Sodium wani abu ne mai laushi, ƙarfe alkali na azurfa da ake samu a gishirin teku da cikin halite na ma'adinai. Yana da ƙarfi sosai, mai ƙonewa, kuma yana da tashin hankali na exothermic lokacin da aka gauraye da ruwa. Yana daya daga cikin muhimman sassan halittu masu rai da aka sani.

Misalan abubuwan da ba ƙarfe ba

1. Hydrogen (H). Mafi na kowa kuma mai yawa a cikin sararin samaniya, iskar gas ce da ake samu duka a cikin sararin samaniya (azaman diatomic molecule H₂) a matsayin kasancewa cikin mafi yawan kwayoyin halitta, da kuma ƙonawa ta hanyar haɗuwa a zuciyar taurari. Hakanan shine mafi ƙarancin haske, mara ƙamshi, mara launi kuma mara narkewa cikin ruwa.
2. Oxygen (O). Ba makawa ga rayuwa da dabbobi ke amfani da su don hanyoyin samun kuzari (numfashi), wannan gas (O₂) tsari mai saurin amsawa oxides tare da kusan dukkanin abubuwan teburin lokaci -lokaci ban da gas mai daraja. Yana samar da kusan rabin girman murfin ƙasa kuma yana da mahimmanci don bayyanar ruwa (H₂KO).
3. Carbon (C). Babban jigon dukkan ilmin sunadarai, na kowa ga duk sanannun halittu masu rai kuma wani ɓangare na fiye da miliyan 16 mahadi waɗanda ke buƙatar hakan. Ana samun sa a yanayi ta hanyoyi daban -daban guda uku: Carbon, graphite, da diamonds, wadanda suke da adadin zarra iri daya, amma an shirya su ta hanyoyi daban -daban. Tare da iskar oxygen yana samar da carbon dioxide (CO₂) mahimmanci ga photosynthesis.
4. Sulfur (S). Wani abu mai taushi, mai yalwa kuma yana da wari na dabi'a, ya zama ruwan dare ga ayyukan kusan dukkanin rayayyun halittu, kuma yana da yawa a cikin mahallin volcanic. Yellowish da narkewa a cikin ruwa, yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar kwayoyin halitta kuma yana da matuƙar amfani a cikin hanyoyin masana'antu.
5. Phosphorus (P). Duk da cewa bai taɓa kasancewa a cikin asalin ƙasa ba a cikin yanayi, sashi ne mai mahimmanci na mahaɗan kwayoyin halitta da na rayayyun halittukamar DNA da RNA, ko ATP. Yana da ƙarfi sosai kuma lokacin da yake hulɗa da iskar oxygen yana fitar da haske.
6. Nitrogen (N). Kullum diatomic gas (N₂) wanda ya ƙunshi kashi 78% na iskar da ke cikin yanayi kuma yana nan a cikin abubuwa da yawa na halitta kamar ammoniya (NH₃), duk da kasancewar isasshen iskar gas idan aka kwatanta da hydrogen ko oxygen.
7. Helium (Ya). Abu na biyu da ya fi yawa a cikin sararin samaniya, musamman a matsayin samfuri na haɓakar tauraron hydrogen, wanda abubuwa masu nauyi ke fitowa. Labari ne a Gas mai daraja, wato kusan ba za a iya sake kunnawa ba, babu launi, ƙamshi da haske sosai, galibi ana amfani da su azaman insulating ko a matsayin mai sanyaya ruwa, a cikin sigar ruwa.
8. Chlorine (Cl). Chlorine a cikin mafi tsarkin sa shine iskar gas mai guba mai guba (Cl) mai wari mara daɗi. Koyaya, yana da ɗimbin yawa a cikin yanayi kuma yana cikin abubuwa da yawa na kwayoyin halitta da inorganic, yawancinsu suna da mahimmanci ga rayuwa. Tare da hydrogen, yana haifar da acid hydrochloric (HCl), ɗayan mafi ƙarfi da ke wanzu.
9. Iodine (I). Sinadarin ƙungiyar halogens, ba ta da ƙarfi sosai kuma mai zaɓe, duk da ana amfani da ita a cikin magani, a cikin fasahar hoto da kuma mai launin launi. Duk da cewa ba ƙarfe ba ne, yana da halaye na ƙarfe mai ban sha'awa kuma yana aiki da mercury da sulfur.
10. Selenium (Se). Mai narkewa a cikin ruwa da barasa, amma mai narkewa a cikin ether da disulfide carbon, wannan kashi yana da kaddarorin photoelectric (yana canza haske zuwa wutar lantarki) kuma sashi ne mai mahimmanci na kera gilashi. Hakanan abinci ne mai gina jiki ga kowane nau'in rayuwa, yana da mahimmanci ga yawancin amino acid kuma yana cikin yawancin abinci.