Carbohydrates (da aikin su)

Wadatacce

• Misalan carbohydrates da aikin su

The carbohydrates, da aka sani da carbohydrates ko carbohydrates, sune muhimman abubuwan halittun halittu don samar da kuzari ga rayayyun halittu cikin hanzari da tsari, wanda shine dalilin da yasa suke cikin tsarin tsirrai, dabbobi da namomin kaza.

The carbohydrates sun hada da haduwar atomic Carbon, Hydrogen da Oxygen, wanda aka tsara a cikin sarkar carbonic da ƙungiyoyi daban -daban da aka haɗe, kamar carbonyl ko hydroxyl.

Saboda haka kalmar "Carbohydrates" ba ainihin ainihin ba ne, tunda ba tambaya ce ta ƙwayoyin carbon mai gurɓataccen ruwa ba, amma ya kasance saboda mahimmancinsa a cikin gano tarihin wannan irin mahadi sunadarai. Ana iya kiran su sugars, saccharides, ko carbohydrates.

The ginshiƙan ƙwayoyin carbohydrates suna da ƙarfi kuma suna da kuzari (na nau'in covalent), wanda shine dalilin da ya sa suka zama nau'in ƙimar adana kuzari mafi kyau a cikin ilmin sunadarai na rayuwa, suna zama wani ɓangare na manyan ƙwayoyin halittu masu rai kamar furotin ko lipids. Hakanan, wasu daga cikinsu sun zama wani muhimmin sashi na bangon tantanin shuka da cuticle na arthropods.

Duba kuma: Misalai 50 na Carbohydrates

An rarraba carbohydrates zuwa:

• Monosaccharides. An ƙera shi da ƙwayar ƙwayar sukari guda ɗaya.
• Disaccharides. Ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin sukari guda biyu tare.
• Oligosaccharides. Ya ƙunshi sunadaran sukari uku zuwa tara.
• Polysaccharides. Tsawon sarƙoƙi na sukari wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin da yawa kuma suna da mahimmancin polymers na halitta waɗanda aka sadaukar don tsari ko ajiyar kuzari.

Misalan carbohydrates da aikin su

1. Glucose. Isomeric molecule (wanda aka ƙera da abubuwa iri ɗaya amma gine -gine daban -daban) na fructose, shine mafi yawan fili a cikin yanayi, saboda shine babban tushen kuzari a matakin salula (ta hanyar oxyidation na catabolic).
2. Ribose. Ofaya daga cikin mabuɗan mabuɗan don rayuwa, yana daga cikin ginshiƙan ginin abubuwa kamar ATP (adenosine triphosphate) ko RNA (ribonucleic acid), masu mahimmanci don haɓakar sel.
3. Deoxyribose. Sauya ƙungiyar hydroxyl ta atomic hydrogen yana ba da damar ribose ya zama deoxysugar, wanda yake da mahimmanci don haɗa nucleotides waɗanda ke samar da sarƙoƙin DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) inda keɓaɓɓen bayanin mai rai.
4. Fructose. Ana gabatar da shi a cikin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari, ƙwayar' yar'uwar glucose ce, tare da ita suke samar da sukari na kowa.
5. Glyceraldehyde. Shi ne sukari na monosaccharide na farko da aka samo ta photosynthesis, a lokacin duhu (Calvin cycle). Mataki ne na tsaka -tsaki a hanyoyi da yawa na haɓakar sukari.
6. Galactose. Wannan madaidaicin sukari ana canza shi zuwa glucose a cikin hanta, don haka yana aiki azaman jigilar makamashi. Tare da wannan, yana kuma samar da lactose a cikin madara.
7. Glycogen. Rashin narkewa a cikin ruwa, wannan polysaccharide na kuzarin makamashi yana da yawa a cikin tsokoki, kuma a cikin ƙananan hanta har ma da kwakwalwa. A cikin yanayin buƙatar kuzari, jiki yana narkar da shi ta hanyar hydrolysis zuwa sabon glucose don cinyewa.
8. Lactose. Ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar galactose da glucose, shine ainihin sukari a cikin madara da madarar madara (cuku, yogurt).
9. Eritrosa. Gabatarwa a cikin tsarin photosynthetic, yana wanzu a yanayi kawai kamar D-erythrose. Yana da sukari mai narkewa sosai tare da bayyanar syrupy.
10. Cellulose. Ya ƙunshi raka'a glucose, shine mafi yawan biopolymer a duniya, tare da chitin. Fiber na bangon tantanin halitta na tsire -tsire ya ƙunshi shi, yana ba su tallafi, kuma shine kayan aikin takarda.
11. Starch. Kamar yadda glycogen ke yin ajiyar dabbobi, sitaci yana yin shi don kayan lambu. Iya a macromolecule na polysaccharides kamar amylose da amylopectin, kuma shine tushen kuzarin da mutane ke cinyewa a cikin abincin su na yau da kullun.

1. Chitin. Abin da cellulose ke yi a cikin ƙwayoyin tsiro, chitin ke yi a cikin fungi da arthropods, yana ba su ƙarfin tsarin (exoskeleton).
2. Fucosa: Monosaccharide wanda ke aiki a matsayin anga don sarkar sukari kuma yana da mahimmanci don haɗarin fucoidin, polysaccharide don amfanin magani.
3. Ramnosa. Sunanta ya fito ne daga tsiron da aka fara cire shi (Rhamnus fragula), wani ɓangare ne na pectin da sauran polymers na shuka, da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta kamar ƙwayoyin cuta.
4. Glucosamine. Anyi amfani dashi azaman ƙarin abinci a cikin maganin cututtukan rheumatic, wannan amino-sugar shine mafi yawan monosaccharide wanda ke wanzu, yana cikin bangon sel na fungi da kuma cikin bawon arthropods.
5. Saccharose. Hakanan an san shi da sukari na yau da kullun, ana samun sa a yalwace a cikin yanayi (zuma, masara, rake, beets). Kuma shine mafi yawan abin zaki a cikin abincin ɗan adam.
6. Stachyose. Ba mutane gabaɗaya suna narkar da shi ba, samfurin tetrasaccharide ne na ƙungiyar glucose, galactose da fructose, wanda ke cikin kayan lambu da tsirrai da yawa. Ana iya amfani dashi azaman kayan zaki.
7. Cellobiose. Ciwon sukari sau biyu (glucose guda biyu) wanda ke bayyana yayin asarar ruwa daga cellulose (hydrolysis). Ba shi da 'yanci a yanayi.
8. Matosa. Ganyen malt, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin glucose guda biyu, yana ɗauke da nauyin kuzari (da glycemic) mai yawa, kuma ana samun shi daga ƙwayayen sha'ir, ko ta hanyar hydrolysis na sitaci da glycogen.
9. Psycho. Monosaccharide wanda ba kasafai ake samu ba a cikin yanayi, ana iya ware shi daga psychofuranin kwayoyin.Yana ba da ƙarancin kuzari fiye da sucrose (0.3%), wanda shine dalilin da yasa ake bincika shi azaman madadin abinci a cikin maganin cututtukan glycemic da lipid.

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