Mawallafi:
Peter Berry
Ranar Halitta:
17 Yuli 2021
Sabuntawa:
13 Yiwu 2024
Wadatacce
Thesomatic sel sune wadanda ya zama jimlar kyallen takarda da gabobin jikin kwayoyin halittu masu yawa, a rarrabe daga jima'i ko ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta (gametes) da kuma kwayoyin halittar mahaifa (sel sel). Duk sel da suke yin kyallen takarda, da gabobi da waɗanda ke yawo a cikin jini da sauran ruwan da ba na haihuwa ba, a ƙa'ida, somatic sel.
Wannan rarrabuwa ya ƙunshi ba kawai a cikin keɓantattun ayyukansu ba, har ma da cewa Kwayoyin somatic sune nau'in diploid, wato sun ƙunshi jerin biyu chromosomes wanda a cikinsa ne ake samun jimlar bayanan halittar mutum.
A) Iya, kayan halittar dukkan sel somatic dole ne iri ɗaya. Maimakon haka, ƙwayoyin jima'i ko gametes suna da abun ciki na musamman na halitta, saboda bazuwar yanayin sake haɗar kwayoyin halitta yayin ƙirƙirar su, wanda ba ya wakiltar komai fiye da rabin jimlar bayanan mutum.
A gaskiya, dabara na cloning ya kunshi cin gajiyar wannan jimlar nauyin kwayoyin halittar da ke cikin kowane sel na jikin mai rai, abin da ba zai yiwu a yi da maniyyi ko kwai ba, tunda waɗannan dogaro da juna don kammala bayanan halittar sabon mutum.
Misalan sel somatic
- Myocytes. Wannan shine sunan da ake baiwa sel wanda ya ƙunshi tsokoki daban -daban na jiki, duka ƙwanƙwasa da kirji har ma da zuciya. Wadannan sel ana sifanta su da samun babban elasticity wanda ke ba su damar shakatawa da sake dawo da sifar su ta asali, ta haka ya ƙyale motsi da ƙarfi.
- Kwayoyin Epithelial. Suna rufe fuskar ciki da waje na jiki, samar da taro da ake kira epithelium ko epidermis, wanda ya ƙunshi wasu sassan fata da mucous membranes. Yana kare jiki da gabobin daga abubuwan waje, galibi yana ɓoye ɓarna ko wasu abubuwa.
- Erythrocytes (ƙwayoyin jinin jini). Gujewa daga tsakiya da mitochondria a cikin mutane, ana ba waɗannan sel jini tare da haemoglobin (wanda ke ba jini jan launi) don ɗaukar oxygen mai mahimmanci ga ƙuntatawa daban -daban na jiki. Wasu nau'in da yawa suna da jajayen ƙwayoyin jini tare da tsakiya, kamar tsuntsaye.
- Leukocytes (farin jini Kwayoyin). Kwayoyin kariya da kariya na jiki, masu kula da ma'amala da wakilan waje waɗanda zasu iya haifar da cuta ko cututtuka. Yawancin lokaci suna aiki cinyewa ƙungiyoyin kasashen waje da ba da izinin fitar da su ta hanyoyin daban -daban na fitar da ruwakamar fitsari, najasa, gamsai, da sauransu.
- Neurons. Kwayoyin jijiyoyin da suka ƙunshi ba kawai kwakwalwa ba, har ma da kashin baya da kuma ƙarshen jijiya daban -daban, sune ke da alhakin watsa motsin lantarki wanda ke daidaita musculature na jiki da sauran muhimman tsarin. Suna yin gigantic cibiyoyin sadarwa na jijiyoyi daga haɗin dendrites.
- Thrombocytes (platelets). Gutsutsin Cytoplasmic, fiye da sel, marasa daidaituwa kuma ba tare da tsakiya ba, sun zama ruwan dare ga duk dabbobi masu shayarwa kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓakawa da kuma samuwar thrombi ko ɗigon jini. Rashinsa na iya haifar da zubar jini.
- Canes ko auduga buds. Kwayoyin da ke cikin retina na idon mammalian kuma waɗanda ke cika matsayin fotoreceptor, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da hangen nesa a cikin ƙananan yanayin haske.
- Chondrocytes. Su ne nau'in sel wanda ke haɗa guringuntsi, inda samar da collagens da proteoglycans, abubuwan da ke tallafawa matrix cartilaginous. Duk da cewa suna da mahimmanci don wanzuwar guringuntsi, sunada kashi 5% na adadinsa.
- Osteocytes. Kwayoyin da ke samar da kasusuwa, tare da osteoclasts, sun fito ne daga osteoblasts kuma suna ba da damar ci gaban kashi. Ba su iya rarrabuwa, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rarrabuwa da sake daidaita matrix na kashi..
- Hepatocytes. Waɗannan su ne ƙwayoyin hanta, tace jini da na kwayoyin halitta. Suna samar da parenchyma (nama mai aiki) na wannan muhimmin sashin jiki, yana ɓoye bile da ake buƙata don ayyukan narkewa da kuma ba da izinin juzu'i daban -daban na rayuwa.
- Kwayoyin Plasma. Waɗannan su ne ƙwayoyin rigakafi, kamar farin jini, wanda aka rarrabe su da girman su kuma saboda suna da alhakin ɓoyewar garkuwar jiki (immunoglobulins): abubuwa na tsari na furotin da ake buƙata don gano kwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta da gaɓoɓin waje da ke cikin jiki.
- Adipocytes. Kwayoyin da ke yin nama (mai), suna da ikon adana adadi mai yawa na triglycerides a ciki, kusan zama digon mai. To ce reserves na lipids Ana amfani da shi lokacin da matakan glucose a cikin jini ya ragu kuma ya zama dole a je wuraren ajiyar kuzari don ci gaba da ayyukan kwayoyin halitta. Tabbas, an tara su da yawa, waɗannan kitse na iya wakiltar matsala da kansu.
- Fibroblasts. Kwayoyin nama na haɗin kai, waɗanda ke tsara ciki na jiki kuma suna ba da tallafi ga gabobin daban -daban. Siffofinsa daban -daban da halaye sun dogara da wurinsa da ayyukansa, masu mahimmanci a gyaran nama; amma a cikin layikan gabaɗaya sune ƙwayoyin sabuntawar fibers ɗin haɗin gwiwa.
- Megakaryocytes. Waɗannan manyan sel, nuclei da yawa da haɓakawa, hade da kyallen takarda hematopoietic (masu samar da jini) daga kasusuwan kasusuwa da sauran gabobin jiki. Suna da alhakin samar da platelet ko thrombocytes daga gutsutsayen cytoplasm nasu.
- Macrophages. Kwayoyin kariya masu kama da lymphocytes, amma an samo su daga monocytes waɗanda kasusuwan kasusuwa suka samar. Sun kasance wani ɓangare na shingen kariya na farko na kyallen takarda, yana mamaye kowane jikin waje (pathogen ko sharar gida) don ba da damar tsaka tsaki da sarrafawa. Suna da mahimmanci a cikin hanyoyin kumburi da gyaran nama, cinye matattu ko lalacewar sel.
- Melanocyte. Gabatar da fata, Waɗannan ƙwayoyin suna da alhakin samar da melanin, wani fili wanda ke ba fata launi kuma yana kare shi daga hasken rana.. Daga cikin ayyukan wadannan sel ƙarfin fatar fatar ya dogara, don haka ayyukansa sun bambanta gwargwadon tsere.
- Pneumocytes. An samo sel na musamman a cikin alveoli na huhu, masu mahimmanci a cikin samar da surfactant na huhu: sinadarin da ke rage tashin hankali na alveolar a cikin huhu yayin fitar da iska kuma hakan yana cika ayyukan rigakafi.
- Kwayoyin Sertoli. Kasancewa a cikin bututun ruwan maniyyi na gwajin, suna ba da tallafi na rayuwa da tallafi ga ƙwayoyin da ke da alhakin samar da maniyyi.. Suna ɓoye adadi mai yawa na hormones da abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da shirye -shiryen gametes kuma suna sarrafa aikin ƙwayoyin Leydig.
- Kwayoyin Leydig. Hakanan waɗannan sel suna cikin testes, inda suke samar da sinadarin hormone mafi mahimmanci a jikin namiji: testosterone, wajibi ne don kunna balagar jima'i a cikin samari.
- Glial sel. Kwayoyin nama mai juyayi wanda ke ba da tallafi da taimako ga neurons. Matsayinsa shine sarrafa yanayin ionic da biochemical na yanayin microcellular., kare madaidaicin tsari na watsa wutar lantarki na jijiyoyin jiki.
Suna iya yi muku hidima:
- Misalan Kwayoyin Musamman
- Misalan Kwayoyin Dan Adam da ayyukansu
- Misalan Kwayoyin Prokaryotic da Eukaryotic
