Magungunan rigakafi (da abin da suke don)

Wadatacce

• Misalan maganin rigakafi da amfaninsu

The maganin rigakafi Suna a irin sinadaran da aka samo daga rayayyun halittu ko aka yi su da wucin gadi, wanda babban abin sa shine na hana girma da yaduwa na wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu lahani ga tsarin sa.

The maganin rigakafi Ana amfani da su wajen kula da lafiyar ɗan adam, dabbobi da tsirrai don kamuwa da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, wannan shine dalilin da yasa aka kuma san su da ƙwayoyin cuta.

A takaice, da maganin rigakafi yana aiki ɗaya chemotherapy, wato ambaliyar ruwa a jiki da abubuwan da ke cutar da rayuwar salula, wanda microorganism pathogen ko mai mamayewa ya fi kulawa fiye da sel m.

A ji na ƙwarai ya ce kwayoyin cuta ya yi tasiri ta hanyar amfani da maganin rigakafi ba tare da nuna bambanci ba, yana inganta nau'ikan juriya a gare su. A saboda wannan dalili, dole ne a haɗa sabbin ƙarni na mafi ƙarfi ko takamaiman magunguna masu aiki.

Misalan maganin rigakafi da amfaninsu

• Penicillin. An samo daga naman gwari penicillium ta Enerst Duchesne a cikin 1897 kuma Alexander Fleming ya tabbatar da shi ba da gangan ba, shine farkon maganin rigakafi da aka yi amfani da shi sosai. Sabili da haka, nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa sun riga sun yi tsayayya da shi, amma ana ci gaba da amfani da shi akan pneumococci, streptococci da staphylococci, har ma da yawan kamuwa da cuta a ciki, jini, kasusuwa, haɗin gwiwa da meninges. Akwai majiyyatan da ke rashin lafiyan tsarin sa wanda ba za a iya kula da su ba.
• Arsphenamine. Magungunan rigakafi na farko da ya dace, tunda an yi amfani da shi kafin penicillin akan syphilis. An samo shi daga arsenic, an gwada shi sau da yawa har sai ba mai guba ga mai haƙuri ba, kodayake a cikin adadi mai yawa har yanzu yana mutuwa. Penicillin ne ya kore shi, wanda ya fi aminci da inganci.
• Erythromycin. Magungunan farko na rukunin macrolides, wato, waɗanda aka ba wa zoben ƙwayar lactone, an gano su a cikin 1952 daga ƙwayoyin cuta a ƙasar Filifin. Yana da tasiri sosai akan kwayoyin bacteria masu kyau na hanji da na numfashi, da Chlamydia yayin daukar ciki, amma yana da illa masu illa.
• Kanamycin. Daga ƙuntataccen amfani saboda yawan gubarsa, Kanamycin yana da tasiri musamman kan tarin fuka, mastitis, nephritis, septicemia, ciwon huhu, actinobacillosis kuma musamman nau'ikan juriya ga erythromycin. Ana amfani da shi, tare da sauran maganin rigakafi, azaman shirye -shiryen aiki don ciwon hanji.
• Amikacin. Daga rukunin aminoglycosides, yana aiki akan tsarin ƙwayoyin cuta na kira furotin, yana hana su samar da tsarin salularsu. Yana ɗaya daga cikin maganin rigakafi masu tasiri akan nau'ikan da ke jure wa sauran ƙungiyarsa kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin matsanancin yanayin sepsis, ko a kan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta masu haɗari masu haɗari.
• Clarithromycin. Masana kimiyyar Japan sun ƙirƙira shi a cikin 1970, lokacin da suke neman sigar erythromycin tare da ƙarancin sakamako masu illa, ana yawan amfani da ita a fata, nono da cututtukan numfashi, da kuma marasa lafiya na HIV don magance cutar. Mycobacterium avium.
• Azithromycin. An samo shi daga erythromycin kuma tare da tsawon rabin rai, allurar da ake gudanarwa shine sau ɗaya a rana. Yana da tasiri sosai game da mashako, ciwon huhu, da cututtukan da ake dauka ta hanyar jima'i ko cututtukan mafitsara, da cututtukan yara.
• Ciprofloxacin. Fadi mai faɗi, kai tsaye yana kai hari ga DNA na kwayan cuta, yana hana ta hayayyafa. Mai tasiri akan dogon jerin ƙwayoyin cuta, galibi an keɓe shi don gaggawa na ƙwayoyin cuta, tunda yana da aminci da sauri, amma yana cikin ƙungiyar masu maganin rigakafi mafi ƙarfi duka: fluoroquinolones.
• Cefadroxil. Daga rukunin tsararraki na farko, cphalosporins masu fa'ida, wannan maganin yana dacewa da cututtukan fata (raunuka, ƙonewa), tsarin numfashi, kasusuwa, kyallen nama mai taushi da cututtukan genitourinary.
• Loracarbef. An nuna shi a lokuta na otitis, sinusitis, ciwon huhu, pharyngitis ko tonsillitis, amma kuma don cututtukan urinary, wannan ƙwayar cuta ta samo asali cephalosporins na ƙarni na biyu, na sabon aji: carbacephem.
• Vancomycin. Daga odar glycopeptides, wasu ƙwayoyin cuta marasa ƙwayar cuta ne ke ɓoye shi. Yana da tasiri sosai akan gram gram, ba mummunan ba, ƙwayoyin cuta kuma ana amfani dashi da yawa, kodayake nau'ikan da yawa suna da tsayayya ga maganin.
• Amoxicillin. Yana da asali na penicillin, tare da fitila mai fa'ida, yana da tasiri wajen maganin cututtukan numfashi da na fata da kuma ɗimbin ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ake yawan amfani da shi a cikin magungunan ɗan adam da na dabbobi.
• Ampicillin. Hakanan an samo shi daga penicillin, an yi amfani dashi sosai tun 1961 akan meningococci da listerias, da pneumococci da streptococci, amma musamman enterococci.
• Aztreonam. Daga asalin roba, yana da fa'ida amma ƙwaƙƙwaran bakan: ƙwayoyin aerobic gram-negative bacteria. Yana da madaidaicin madaidaici ga marasa lafiya masu rashin lafiyar penicillin, muddin sun dace.
• Bacitracin. Sunanta ya fito ne daga yarinyar da tibia daga cikinta aka fitar da kwayoyin cutar da aka haɗa ta da su: Tracy. Aikace -aikacen sa na fata ne da na waje, tunda yana da illa ga kodan, amma yana da amfani a kan ƙwayoyin gram-tabbatacce a cikin raunuka da ƙura. Yana daya daga cikin maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta da ke da alhakin bayyanar cututtuka masu cutarwa da juriya.
• Doxycycline. Yana cikin tetracyclines, yana da fa'ida akan gram gram da ƙwayoyin cuta mara kyau, kuma galibi ana amfani dashi akan huhu, kuraje, syphilis, cutar Lyme da zazzabin cizon sauro.
• Clofazimine. An haɗa shi a cikin 1954 akan tarin fuka, wanda ba shi da tasiri sosai, kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan wakilan cutar kuturta.
• Pyrazinamide. A hade tare da wasu magunguna, shine babban maganin tarin fuka.
• Sulfadiazine. An ba da umarnin musamman game da cututtukan urinary tract, da toxoplasmosis, yana da amfani sosai yayin da yake gabatar da sakamako masu illa kamar vertigo, tashin zuciya, gudawa da anorexia.
• Colistin. Ingantacce akan duk bacilli mara kyau na gram da akan ƙwayoyin polyresistant kamar Pseudomonas aeruginosa ko Acinetobacter, yana canza canjin membrane su. Koyaya, yana iya samun tasirin neuro da nephrotoxic.