Alkanes

Wadatacce

• Rarraba
• Abubuwan jiki
• Misalan alkanes

The alkanes sune ajin sinadarin hydrocarbons wanda a cikin sa akwai adadi mai yawa sinadarin carbon an haɗa su ta hanyar ɗaiɗai guda ɗaya, kamar kwarangwal, kuma kowane atom atom ɗin an haɗa shi a haɗe sinadarin hydrogen, wanda a ƙarshe zai maye gurbinsa da wasu zarra ko kungiyoyin sunadarai.

Tsarin kwayoyin alkanes shine C_nH_{2n + 2}, inda C ke wakiltar carbon, H yana wakiltar hydrogen kuma n yana wakiltar adadin ƙwayoyin carbon. Alkanes sune cikakken hydrocarbons. Don sanya su suna, kariyar “-shekara”.

Yana iya ba ku:

• Misalan Alkynes
• Misalan Alkenes

Rarraba

A cikin alkanes, manyan kungiyoyi biyu galibi ana gane su da wani muhimmin bambanci tsakanin su: bude sarkar (wanda kuma ake kira acyclic) da rufaffiyar sarkar (ko cyclical).

Lokacin da mahaɗan sarkar da aka buɗe ba su gabatar da wani canji na sinadarin hydrogens da ke rakiyar kowane atom ɗin carbon, ana kiran su alkanes masu layi: wadannan sune alkanes mafi sauki. Lokacin da suka gabatar da canji, ana kiran su albarkatun alkanes. Mafi yawan abubuwan maye gurbin sune rukunin hydroxyl da methyl, da halogens.

A daya bangaren kuma, akwai mahadi tare da zagayowar guda daya a cikin kwayar sannan wasu kuma da dama; ana kiran su monocyclic da polycyclic, bi da bi. Alkanes na cyclic na iya zama homocyclic ko heterocyclic.

• An samar da na farko tare da keɓaɓɓen sa hannun mahaɗan carbon.
• A karshen, wasu atoms suna shiga, misali, oxygen ko sulfur.

Abubuwan jiki

Gabaɗaya, kaddarorin zahiri na alkanes suna sharaɗi da taro kwayoyin (bi da bi ya danganta da tsawon). Wadanda ke da mafi ƙarancin adadin carbons sune gas a cikin zafin jiki na ɗaki, waɗanda ke tsakanin 5 zuwa 18 atoms carbon ruwa, kuma sama da wannan lambar ita ce m (kama da kakin zuma).

Kasancewa m fiye da ruwa, sun saba shawagi a saman sa. Gabaɗaya, alkanes ba su narkewa cikin ruwa kuma suna narkewa a cikin abubuwan narkar da ƙwayoyin cuta. Suna gabatar da babban ƙarfin kunnawa.

The alkanes ana halin kasancewa sunadarai sunada yawamatalauta reactivity, wanda shine dalilin da yasa aka kuma san su da "paraffins" (a cikin Latin, rashin tausayi yana nufin "ƙananan dangantaka"). Mafi mahimmancin halayen da alkanes zasu iya sha shine konewa, samar da zafi, carbon dioxide da ruwa a gaban iskar oxygen.

Alkanes sune tushen wani muhimmin nau'in halayen da ke da alaƙa da mahimman ayyukan masana'antu, kasancewar sune mafi yawan ƙoshin mai. Hakanan suna bayyana azaman samfuran ƙarshen hanyoyin nazarin halittu kamar methanogenic fermentation da wasu ke aiwatarwa microorganisms.

Misalan alkanes

Za mu ambaci alkanes ashirin, gami da wasu sanannun layin layi da masu rassa, zuwa ƙarshen jerin:

1. Chloroform (sunan zato na trichloromethane; CHCl₃) - vapors na wannan kayan ana amfani dashi azaman maganin sa barci a baya. An dakatar da shi saboda wannan dalili saboda an gano yana lalata muhimman gabobi, kamar hanta ko koda. Amfani da shi a yau shine da farko azaman sauran ƙarfi ko mai sanyaya ruwa.
2. Methane (CH₄) - wannan shine alkane mafi sauƙi duka: ya ƙunshi atom ɗin carbon guda ɗaya da hydrogen guda huɗu. Iskar gas ce da ke faruwa ta halitta ta hanyar rarrabuwa na abubuwa daban -daban na halitta, kuma shine babban ɓangaren iskar gas. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan an gane shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin iskar gas da ke ba da gudummawa mafi yawa ga abin da ake kira tasirin greenhouse.
3. Octane (C₈H₁₈) - wannan shine alkane na carbon guda takwas kuma yana da matukar mahimmanci tunda yana tantance ingancin naphthas, wanda shine cakuda daban -daban hydrocarbons. Ana auna wannan ingancin ta lambar octane ko lambar octane na mai, wanda ke ɗaukar abin ƙima mai ƙarancin ƙarfi (index 100) da mai fashewa sosai (index 0).
4. Hexane (C₆H₁₄) - yana da mahimmanci sauran ƙarfi, ya kamata a guji shakar iska, saboda yana da guba sosai.
5. Butane (C₄H₁₀) - tare da propane (C₃H₈), ya zama abin da ake kira iskar gas na gas (LPG), waɗanda aka kafa a cikin buhunan gas yayin aikin hakar mai. Sauya man fetur ko dizal ta LPG yayin da ake ƙara inganta mai, tunda ya fi ƙamshin muhalli ta hanyar fitar da carbon dioxide da ruwa kawai a cikin ƙonawarsa.
6. Icosano - abin da ake kira alkane ishirin-carbon (prefix 'ico' na nufin ashirin)
7. Cyclopropane - wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman maganin sa barci
8. n heptane - Wannan alkane shine wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin abin nuni ga sifili na ma'aunin octane na mai, wanda zai zama mafi ƙarancin abin so, tunda yana ƙonewa da fashewa. An samo shi daga resin wasu tsirrai.
9. 3-ethyl-2,3-dimethylpentane (C9H20)
10. 2-methylbutane
11. 3-chloro-4-n-propylheptane
12. 3,4,6-trimethyl heptane
13. 1-phenyl 1-bromoethane
14. 3-ethyl-4-methylhexane
15. 5-isopropyl-3-methylnonane
16. bicyclopropane
17. 1-bromopropane
18. 3-methyl-5-n-propyloctane
19. 5-n-butyl-4,7-diethyldecane
20. 3,3-dimethyl decane

Yana iya ba ku:Misalan Hydrocarbons