Dokokin Halitta

Wadatacce

• Misalan dokokin halitta

Thedokokin yanayi sune shawarwarin da ke bayyana abubuwan mamaki akai -akai. Ana la'akari da suakai saboda an same su suna komawa cikin yanayi da yanayi iri -iri.

Samar da dokokin ya dogara ne akan tabbatattun abubuwan lura da abubuwan al'ajabi na halitta, waɗanda ke ba da damar yanke hukunci game da rashin daidaituwarsu da tsinkayen su.

Halayen dokokin halitta sune:

• Na duniya. Muddin an cika sharuddan da doka ta bayyana, abin zai faru.
• Manufofi. Dokokin halitta haƙiƙa ne, wato kowa na iya tabbatar da su.
• Tsinkaya. Tunda sun kasance na kowa da kowa, suna ba mu damar hango cewa wasu abubuwan mamaki zasu faru a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi.

An ba wa wasu dokoki suna bayan masanin kimiyyar da ya gano wannan lamari, kamar Newton, Kepler, ko Mendel.

• Duba kuma: Entropy a yanayi

Misalan dokokin halitta

1. Dokar Farko ta Newton. Dokar rashin ƙarfi. Isaac Newton masanin kimiyyar lissafi ne, mai ƙirƙira, kuma masanin lissafi. Ya gano dokokin da ke kula da kimiyyar lissafi. Dokar ta ta farko ita ce: "Kowane jiki yana jurewa cikin yanayin hutawa ko yunifom ko motsi na madaidaiciya, sai dai idan an tilasta masa canza yanayin sa, ta hanyar sojojin da suka burge shi."
2. Dokar Newton ta biyu. Dokar asali ta kuzari. "Canjin hanzarin motsi yana daidai gwargwadon ƙarfin motsin da aka buga kuma yana faruwa daidai da madaidaiciyar layin da aka buga wannan ƙarfin."
3. Dokar Newton ta uku. Ka'idar aiki da amsawa. "Ga kowane aiki yayi daidai da amsa"; "Tare da kowane aiki ana samun daidaituwa da kishiya koyaushe, wato, ayyukan juna na ƙungiyoyi biyu koyaushe daidai suke kuma ana jagorantar su zuwa sabanin hanya."
4. Ka'idar Zero na thermodynamics. Wanda Ralph Fowler ya tsara, ya bayyana cewa gawarwaki guda biyu da suke cikin zafin jiki daya basa musayar zafi. Wata hanyar bayyana wannan doka: idan ƙungiyoyi biyu daban kowannensu yana cikin ma'aunin zafi tare da jiki na uku, to suna cikin ma'aunin zafi da junansu.
5. Dokar Farko ta Thermodynamics. Ka'idar kiyaye makamashi. "Ba a halicci makamashi kuma ba a lalata shi, yana canzawa ne kawai."
6. Dokar ta biyu ta thermodynamics. A cikin yanayin daidaituwa, ƙimar da aka ƙaddara ta sigogin sifa na tsarin thermodynamic mai rufewa shine cewa suna haɓaka ƙimar wani girman wanda shine aikin waɗannan sigogi, wanda ake kira entropy.
7. Doka ta uku na thermodynamics. Sunan mahaifi Nernst. Yana aika abubuwan mamaki guda biyu: lokacin isa cikakkiyar sifili (sifilin Kelvin) duk wani tsari a cikin tsarin jiki yana tsayawa.Bayan isa cikakkiyar sifili, entropy ya kai ƙima da ƙima.
8. Dokar kiyaye abu.Dokar Lamonosov Lavoisier. "Jimlar yawan duk masu amsawa da ke da alaƙa suna daidai da jimlar duk samfuran da aka samu."
9. Dokar Mendel ta Farko. Dokar daidaituwa na heterozygotes na ƙarni na farko. Gregor Mendel masanin dabi'a ne wanda ya gano yadda ake ratsa kwayoyin halitta daga tsara zuwa tsara ta hanyar lura da tsirrai. Dokarta ta farko tana nuna cewa daga ƙetare tsararraki biyu masu tsarki, sakamakon zai zama zuriya masu halaye iri ɗaya, duka biyun da ke tsakaninsu kuma za su kasance iri ɗaya da ɗaya daga cikin iyaye.
10. Dokar Mendel ta Biyu. Dokar rarrabe haruffa a ƙarni na biyu. A lokacin samuwar gametes, an raba kowane lele na wata biyu daga sauran leda guda ɗaya, don haifar da asalin halittar ɗan adam.
11. Dokar ta uku ta Mendel. Dokar 'yancin kai na haruffan gado: dabi'un da aka gada daga juna. Wannan yana nufin cewa gaskiyar gadon dabi'a daga ɗaya daga cikin iyaye ba yana nufin wasu ma sun gada.
12. Dokar Farko ta Kepler. Johannes Kepler masanin taurari ne kuma masanin lissafi wanda ya gano abubuwan da ba za a iya canzawa ba a cikin motsi na duniyoyin. Dokarsa ta farko ta bayyana cewa duk duniyoyin suna zagaya rana a cikin mazugun elliptical. Kowane ellipse yana da foci biyu. Rana tana cikin ɗayansu.
13. Dokar Kepler ta Biyu. Gudun duniyoyin: "Vector radius wanda ya haɗu da duniya kuma rana tana share wurare daidai a daidai lokacin."

• Ci gaba da: Dokokin Newton