Ƙarfin wutar lantarki

Wadatacce

• Nau'in tsirrai masu amfani da makamashin lantarki
• Ab Adbuwan amfãni daga hydroelectric ikon
• Rashin amfani da wutar lantarki
• Misalan wutar lantarki
• Sauran nau'o'in makamashi

The wutar lantarki shine wanda ke haifar da aikin motsi na ruwa, yawanci a cikin faduwa (geodesic tsalle) da gangarawa ko madatsun ruwa na musamman, inda aka sanya tashoshin wutar lantarki don cin gajiyar shirin makamashi inji na ruwa mai motsi da kunna turbines na janareta da ke samar da wutar lantarki.

Wannan hanyar amfani da ruwa yana samar da kashi biyar na makamashin lantarki a duk duniya, kuma ba sabon abu bane a tarihin ɗan adam: tsoffin Helenawa, suna bin ƙa'ida iri ɗaya kuma daidai, alkama ta ƙasa don yin gari ta amfani da ƙarfin ruwa ko iska tare da jerin injin. Koyaya, an gina injin farko na lantarki kamar haka a cikin 1879 a Amurka.

Irin wannan tashar wutar lantarki ta shahara a yankunan karkara da ruwaye sakamakon narkewa a saman duwatsu ko katse hanyar babban kogi yana tara ƙarfi mai yawa. Wasu lokutan kuma ya zama dole a gina madatsar ruwa don sarrafa sakin da adana ruwa don haka ta hanyar yin fa'ida ta faɗuwar girman girman da ake so.

The ikon irin wannan shuka yana iya kasancewa daga manyan shuke-shuke masu karfi da ke samar da dubban megawatts, zuwa abin da ake kira mini-hydro plant wanda ke samar da megawatts kalilan.

Ƙarin bayani a: Misalan Ikon Hydraulic

Nau'in tsirrai masu amfani da makamashin lantarki

Dangane da tunanin gine -gine, galibi ana rarrabe shi tsakanin bude-iska hydroelectric shuke-shuke, kamar waɗanda aka girka a ƙasan ruwa ko madatsar ruwa, da cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki a kogon, waɗanda ke nesa da tushen ruwa amma ana haɗa su da bututun matsa lamba da sauran nau'ikan ramuka.

Hakanan ana iya rarrabe waɗannan tsirrai gwargwadon kwararar ruwa a kowane yanayi, wato:

• Shuke -shuken ruwa masu gudana. Suna ci gaba da aiki, suna amfani da ruwan kogi ko faduwa, saboda ba su da ikon adana ruwa kamar a cikin tafki.
• Tashar tafki. Suna riƙe ruwa ta hanyar madatsar ruwa kuma suna ba shi damar gudana ta cikin injinan turbines, suna riƙe kwararar ruwa mai ɗorewa da sarrafawa. Sun fi tsada fiye da ruwa mai gudana.
• Tsakiya tare da tsari. An saka shi a cikin koguna, amma tare da ikon adana ruwa.
• Tashar famfo. Suna haɗa ƙarfin wutar lantarki ta hanyar kwararar ruwa tare da ikon aika ruwan zuwa sama, ci gaba da sake zagayowar da aiki kamar manyan batura.

Ab Adbuwan amfãni daga hydroelectric ikon

Makamashin Hydroelectric ya shahara sosai a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na 20, idan aka yi la’akari da kyawawan halayensa, waɗanda sune:

• Tsaftacewa. Idan aka kwatanta da kona burbushin burbushin halittu, Yana da ƙarancin gurɓataccen makamashi.
• Tsaro. Idan aka kwatanta da yuwuwar bala'in makamashin nukiliya ko wasu nau'o'in samar da wutar lantarki masu haɗari, ana iya sarrafa haɗarinsa.
• Tabbatarwa. Ruwan kogin ruwa da manyan faduwa galibi suna daidaita a cikin shekara, yana tabbatar da aiki na yau da kullun na injinan samar.
• Tattalin Arziki. Ta rashin bukata albarkatun kasa, ko matakai masu rikitarwa, ƙirar ƙirar wutar lantarki ce mai arha kuma mai sauƙi, wacce ke rage farashin duka samar da makamashi da sarkar amfani.
• Mulki. Kamar yadda baya buƙatar albarkatun ƙasa ko abubuwan shigarwa (bayan kayan maye na ƙarshe), samfuri ne mai cikakken 'yanci daga canjin kasuwa da yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa ko tanadin siyasa.

Rashin amfani da wutar lantarki

• Matsalar gida. Gina madatsun ruwa da dikes, gami da sanya injinan injinan iska da injinan samar da wutar lantarki yana da tasiri a kan hanyoyin kogunan da galibi ke shafar kogunan. tsarin halittu.
• Hadari na ƙarshe. Kodayake yana da wuya kuma ana iya gujewa tare da tsarin kulawa na yau da kullun, yana yiwuwa hutu a cikin diga na iya haifar da sakin ƙarar ruwa wanda ba a sarrafa shi ba kuma ambaliyar ruwa da bala'i na gida.
• Tasirin shimfidar wuri. Yawancin waɗannan wuraren suna canza yanayin yanayin ƙasa sosai kuma suna da tasiri kan yanayin gida, kodayake su ma za su iya zama wuraren yawon shakatawa.
• Rashin tabarbarewar koguna. Cigaba da ci gaba da kwararar ruwa yana lalata gadajen kogin kuma yana canza yanayin ruwan, yana cire gurɓataccen ruwa. Wannan duk yana da tasirin kogi don la'akari.
• Zai yiwu fari. A lokutan matsanancin fari, waɗannan samfuran tsararraki suna ganin ƙarancin samar da su, tunda ƙimar ruwa ba ta da kyau. Wannan na iya nufin rage kuzari ko ƙimar ƙaruwa, gwargwadon girman fari.

Misalan wutar lantarki

1. Niagara Falls. Tashar wutar lantarki Robert Moses Niagara Plant Kasancewa a cikin Amurka, ita ce shuka ta farko da aka gina a cikin wutar lantarki a cikin tarihi, tana amfani da ikon babban Niagara Falls a Appleton, Wisconsin.
2. Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric dam. Babban madatsar ruwa mai nisan mita 124 da ke kan Kogin Yenisei a Divnogorsk, Rasha, wanda aka gina tsakanin 1956 zuwa 1972 kuma ya samar da kusan 6000 MW na makamashi ga mutanen Rasha. An halicci madatsar ruwa ta Krasnoyarkoye don aikinta.
3. Tafkin Salime. Wannan madatsar ruwan Spain da ke Asturias, a kan kogin Navia, an ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 1955 kuma yana ba wa yawan jama'a kusan 350 GWh a shekara. Don gina shi, dole ne a canza kogin har abada kuma kusan gonaki 2,000 sun mamaye ambaliyar hekta 685 na ƙasar noma, tare da gonaki na birni, gadoji, makabarta, majami'u, da majami'u.
4. Guavio hydroelectric shuka. Babbar tashar wutar lantarki ta biyu da ke aiki a yankin Kolombiya, tana cikin Cundinamarca, kilomita 120 daga Bogotá kuma tana samar da wutar lantarki kimanin 1,213 MW. Ya fara aiki a shekarar 1992, duk da cewa har yanzu ba a sanya ƙarin rukunoni uku ba saboda dalilan kuɗi. Idan ya yi, aikin wannan tafkin zai karu zuwa 1,900 MW, mafi girma a duk ƙasar.
5. Simón Bolívar injin lantarki. Hakanan ana kiranta Presa del Guri, tana cikin jihar Bolívar, Venezuela, a bakin Kogin Caroni a cikin sanannen Kogin Orinoco. Tana da tafki na wucin gadi da ake kira Embalse del Guri, wanda ake ba da wutar lantarki ga babban yanki na ƙasar har ma ana sayar da ita ga garuruwan kan iyaka na arewacin Brazil. An ƙaddamar da shi gaba ɗaya a cikin 1986 kuma shine na huɗu mafi girma na samar da wutar lantarki a duniya, yana ba da MW 10,235 na jimlar ƙarfin da aka sanya a cikin raka'a 10 daban -daban.
6. Dam Xilodu. Tana kan Kogin Jinsha a Kudancin China, tana da ƙarfin shigar da wutar lantarki na MW 13,860, ban da ba da damar sarrafa sarrafa ruwa don sauƙaƙe kewayawa da hana ambaliya. A halin yanzu ita ce tashar wutar lantarki ta uku mafi girma a duniya kuma ita ce ta hudu mafi tsayi a duniya.
7. Dam Gorges Uku. Hakanan yana cikin China, a kan Kogin Yangtze a tsakiyar yankinsa, ita ce babbar masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki a duniya, tare da ikon MW 24,000. An kammala shi a cikin 2012, bayan ambaliyar birane 19 da garuruwa 22 (kilomita 630² surface), wanda kusan mutane miliyan 2 dole ne a kwashe su kuma a ƙaura da su. Tare da tsayin mita 2309 da babban madatsar ruwa 185, wannan tashar wutar lantarki ita kadai ke ba da kashi 3% na babban kuzarin da ake amfani da shi a wannan ƙasa.
8. Dam din Yacyretá-Apipé. Wannan madatsar ruwan da ke yankin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Argentina da Paraguay a kan Kogin Paraná, yana ba da kusan kashi 22% na buƙatun makamashi na Argentina tare da ƙarfin 3,100 MW. Ginin ya kasance mai kawo rigima sosai, saboda yana buƙatar ambaliyar wurare na musamman a yankin da kuma lalata ɗimbin nau'in dabbobi da tsirrai.
9. Palomino Hydroelectric Project. Wannan aikin da ake ginawa a Jamhuriyar Dominican zai kasance akan kogunan Yaraque-Sur da Blanco, inda za a sami tafki mai yawan hekta 22 kuma wanda zai haɓaka ƙarfin makamashin ƙasar da kashi 15%.
10. Itaipu Dam. Babbar shuka ta biyu mafi girma a duniya, ita ce aikin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Brazil da Paraguay don cin gajiyar iyakar su akan Kogin Paraná. Tsawon wucin gadi na madatsar ruwan ya kai kimanin kilomita 29,000³ ruwa a wani yanki na kusan kilomita 14,000². Yawan ƙarfinsa shine MW 14,000 kuma ya fara samarwa a 1984.

Sauran nau'o'in makamashi