Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu

Wadatacce

• Dalilan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu
• Sakamakon yakin duniya na biyu

The Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya kasance rikicin siyasa da na soji a matakin duniya wanda ya gudana tsakanin 1939 da 1945, wanda yawancin ƙasashen duniya suka shiga ciki kuma wanda ke wakiltar ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan tarihi da al'adu na ƙarni na 20, da aka ba jihar Total War (cikakkiyar tattalin arziƙi, sadaukar da kai na ƙasashe) da aka ɗauka dukkan bangarorin da abin ya shafa.

Rikicin ya kashe rayukan mutane miliyan 50 zuwa 70, fararen hula da sojoji, wanda miliyan 26 na mallakar USSR (kuma miliyan 9 kawai sojoji ne). Wani lamari na musamman ya ƙunshi miliyoyin mutanen da aka kashe a sansanin tattarawa da wargajewa, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin yanayin rayuwa na ɗan adam ko ma gwaje -gwajen likita da na sunadarai, kamar kusan Yahudawa miliyan 6 da tsarin mulkin gurguzu na Jamusawa ya kashe su. An kira na ƙarshen Holocaust.

To wannan Dole ne a kara yawan mutuwar da sakamakon tattalin arziƙin rikicin ya haifar a duniyaKamar yunwa a Bengal wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar kusan Indiyawa miliyan 4, kuma galibi tarihin tarihin rikicin ya yi watsi da su, wanda adadin mutanen da suka mutu zai iya kusan mutane miliyan 100.

Bangarorin da aka fuskanta yayin yakin sune guda biyu: da Kasashe masu kawance, karkashin jagorancin Faransa, Ingila, Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet; da kuma Ikon Axis, wanda Jamus, Italiya da Faransa ke jagoranta. Waɗannan ƙasashe na ƙarshe sun kafa abin da ake kira Berlin-Rome-Tokyo axis., wanda gwamnatocinsu na gwamnatoci daban-daban suka sha bamban zuwa fasikanci da wasu akidojin zamantakewar Darwiniyawa waɗanda suka ba da fifikon fifikon ƙabilun “tsarkakakku” akan “naƙasasshe”.

Dalilan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu

Dalilan rikice -rikice sun bambanta kuma masu rikitarwa, amma ana iya taƙaita su kamar haka:

1. Sharuɗɗan Yarjejeniyar Versailles. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, an ƙaddamar da yarjejeniyar mika kai ba tare da wani sharadi ba akan sharuddan zalunci akan Jamus, wanda ya hana ƙasar da ta lalace ta sake samun runduna, ta kwace ikon mulkin mallaka na ƙasashen Afirka, kuma ta sanya wa Amurka bashin da ba za a iya shawo kanta ba. Wannan ya haifar da ƙin yarda da yaɗuwar jama'a da ka'idar cewa an soki ƙasar a baya kuma tana ƙarƙashin ikon ƙasashen waje kamar USSR.

1. Bayyanar Adolf Hitler da sauran shugabannin kwarjini. Waɗannan jagororin siyasa sun san yadda za su yi amfani da farin ciki da farin ciki da gina ƙungiyoyin masu kishin ƙasa, waɗanda babban maƙasudinsu shi ne dawo da martabar ƙasar ta baya ta hanyar yin yaƙi da manyan ɓangarorin zamantakewa, faɗaɗa yankuna na ƙasa da kafa gwamnatocin kama -karya. Wannan shine batun Jam’iyyar Socialist Workers Party (Nazi), ko Fascio na Italiya wanda Benito Mussolini ke jagoranta.

1. Babban Bala'in 1930s. Wannan rikicin kuɗi na ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda ya shafi ƙasashen Turai musamman da Babban Yaƙin (Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya), ya sa ba zai yiwu ga ƙasashe masu rauni su yi tsayayya da hauhawar fascism da rushewar tsarin dimokuraɗiyya ba. Bugu da kari, ta kara tura yawan jama'ar Turawa zuwa halin rashin bege wanda ya dace da fitowar shawarwari masu tsattsauran ra'ayi.

1. Yakin basasar Spain (1936-1939). Rikicin Mutanen Espanya na jini wanda gwamnatin gurguzu ta Jamusawa ta shiga tsakani don tallafawa sojojin masarautar Francisco Franco, a cikin mummunan cin zarafin yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa na shiga tsakani na kasashen waje, a lokaci guda ya zama hujja ga sabuwar kafa Luftwaffe Jamusanci (jirgin sama), kuma a matsayin shaida na rashin jin daɗin ƙasashe masu kawance, wanda ya jinkirta rikice -rikicen da ke zuwa zuwa ga wucewar wuce gona da iri wanda har yanzu yana ƙarfafa kwarin gwiwar Jamusawa.

1. Rikicin Sino-Japan. Bayan Yaƙin Sino-Jafan na Farko (1894-1895), tashin hankali tsakanin haɓaka ƙarfin Asiya na Japan da maƙwabta masu gasa kamar China da USSR sun kasance koyaushe. Masarautar Hiro Hito ta yi amfani da yanayin rauni a cikin 1932 inda Yaƙin Basasa tsakanin 'yan gurguzu da' yan Republican suka bar China, don fara Yaƙin Sinanci da Japan na biyu da mamaye Manchuria. Wannan zai zama farkon faɗaɗa Jafananci (musamman a Asiya Ƙarama), wanda zai haifar da tashin boma -bomai na Pearl Harbor na Arewacin Amurka da shigar Amurka cikin rikici.

1. Mamayewar Jamus a Poland. Bayan samun haɗin kan Austria da Jamusawan Sudeten cikin kwanciyar hankali a Czechoslovakia, gwamnatin Jamus ta kulla yarjejeniya da USSR don raba yankin Poland. Duk da gwagwarmayar sojojin da wannan ƙasashen gabashin Turai ke bayarwa, sojojin na Jamus sun haɗa shi zuwa ga Jaridar III Reich a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1939, wanda ya haifar da sanarwar yaƙi ta Faransa da Burtaniya, ta haka ne aka fara fara rikicin.

Sakamakon yakin duniya na biyu

Duk da yake kowane yaƙi yana haifar da mummunan sakamako a kan yawan ƙasashen da abin ya shafa, waɗanda na Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu sun kasance na musamman kuma na tarihi:

1. Kusan yawan lalacewar Turai. Babban bama -bamai da barna na garuruwan Turai ta bangarorin biyu, a matsayin na farko blitzkrieg Jamusanci (blitzkrieg) ya ba da ikon sarrafa axis a cikin rabin duniyar, kuma bayan kawancen sun 'yantar da yankin, yana nufin kusan lalata filin shakatawa na biranen Turai, wanda daga baya ya buƙaci babban saka hannun jari na tattalin arziki don sake gina shi a hankali. Ofaya daga cikin waɗannan hanyoyin tattalin arziƙin shine abin da ake kira Marshall Plan wanda Amurka ta gabatar.

1. Farkon yanayin bipolar duniya. Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya bar Ƙasashen Turai, Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashe da Axis, ya yi rauni sosai har ya sa ƙungiyar siyasa ta duniya ta shiga hannun manyan ƙasashe biyu masu yaƙi: Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet. Dukansu nan da nan sun fara gasa don tasirin tsarin gwamnatocin su, 'yan jari hujja da kwaminisanci bi da bi, akan sauran ƙasashe, don haka ya haifar da Yaƙin Cacar Baki.

1. Sashen Jamus. Ikon kasashen da ke kawance da yankin na Jamus ya samo asali ne sakamakon rarrabuwar akida tsakanin Amurka da kawayenta na Turai, da USSR. Don haka, sannu a hankali an raba ƙasar gida biyu daban -daban: Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Jamus, ɗan jari hujja kuma ƙarƙashin ikon Turai, da Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyyar Jamus, kwaminisanci da ƙarƙashin mulkin Soviet. Wannan rarrabuwa ya shahara musamman a cikin birnin Berlin, inda aka gina bango don raba rabe -raben biyu da hana tserewar 'yan ƙasa daga kwaminisanci zuwa yankin yan jari hujja, kuma ya kasance har zuwa ranar sake haɗa kan Jamus a 1991.

1. Farawar ta'addancin yaƙin atomic. Harin bam din atomic na Hiroshima da Nagasaki da sojojin Amurka suka yi, bala'in da ya sa Japan ta mika wuya ba tare da wani sharadi ba bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan haka, ita ma ta tayar da farmakin yakin atom din da zai bayyana yakin cacar baka. Wannan kisan gilla zai kasance, tare da haɗarin Chernobyl a cikin 1986, bala'i mafi muni a tarihin ɗan adam wanda ya haɗa da makamashin atomic.

1. Farkon falsafar yanke kauna ta Turai. Tambayar da ake ta maimaitawa a lokacin mawuyacin shekaru bayan yaƙin da masana Turai suka yi game da yadda za a iya samun rikice-rikicen irin wannan zalunci da rashin mutunci. Wannan ya haifar da haihuwar falsafar nihilism da rashin bege, wanda ya ƙalubalanci bangaskiyar ɗabi'a cikin tunani da ci gaba.

1. Yaƙe -yaƙe na baya. Rashin wutar lantarki da ya rage a ƙarshen rikicin ya haifar da arangama tsakanin Faransa da yawancin yankunan Asiya da ta mamaye, wanda ke nuna ƙungiyoyin masu rarrabuwar kawuna. Haka kuma yakin basasa ya barke a Girka da Turkiya saboda wasu dalilai.

1. Sabuwar doka ta duniya da tsarin diflomasiyya. Bayan ƙarshen yaƙin, an ƙirƙiri Majalisar Nationsinkin Duniya (UN) a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashen Duniya, kuma an ɗora mata alhakin gujewa rikice -rikicen nan gaba na irin wannan girman, yin caca ta tashoshin diflomasiyya da adalci na duniya.

1. Farkon decolonization. Rasa ikon siyasa da tasirin Turai ya haifar da asarar iko a kan yankunanta a cikin Duniya ta Uku, don haka ya ba da damar fara matakai da yawa na 'yancin kai da ƙarshen mulkin Turai na duniya.