Wadatacce
The hujjar sacewa Yana ɗaya wanda, daga farawa ko tabbatacce, yana ba da damar cire hasashe. Dalilin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin waɗannan muhawara shine na syllogism, wanda ke amfani da ɓangarori biyu ko wuraren da ya kawo ƙarshe.
Nau'in tunani
Akwai nau'ukan dalilai guda uku:
- Deductive tunani. Gininsa yana farawa daga wani abu gabaɗaya sannan ya baiyana shi. Misali: Idan duk tumakin farare ne, na ɗauka cewa tumakin da za a haifa ma duk za su yi fari.
- Thedalilan inductive. Yana farawa daga wani abu na mutum ko na musamman kuma yana rarrabe shi a cikin harabar (yana yin kishiyar hanya zuwa mai cirewa). Misali: rufin gidana ya lalace bayan guguwar don haka, ta hanyar shigarwa, zan yi imani cewa duk rufin gidajen maƙwabta na sun lalace iri ɗaya.
- Thedalilin sacewa. Yi la'akari da jigo na farko ya zama gaskiya kuma jigon na biyu ya kasance mai yiwuwa ne kawai. Daga duka biyun, yana yanke hukunci a matsayin sakamako mai ma'ana ta hanyar sace wuraren da suka gabata.
Aristotle ya ƙirƙira mafi shaharar syllogism a tarihi. Ta hanyar farawa daga wurare na gaskiya, yana bayyana cewa ƙarshen ma gaskiya ne:
Jigo na 1: duk maza suna mutuwa
Jigo na biyu: Socrates mutum ne
- ƙarshe: Socrates mai mutuwa ne
Koyaya, ba koyaushe ake amfani da wuraren zama na gaskiya ba, kuma sakamakon haka ba a amfani da ƙarshe a wasu lokuta. Misali:
Jigo na 1: Duk mutanen Gabas suna yin addinin Buddha
Jigo na biyu: Juan na gabas ne
- ƙarshe: Juan yana yin addinin Buddha
Hadarin da ke tattare da irin wannan tunanin shine cewa ana ɗaukar wuraren kamar yadda aka yi daidai kuma ana fitar da ƙarshe daga wurin. Koyaya, mun san cewa ba duk mutanen Gabas suke yin addinin Buddha ba, don haka za a iya cimma matsaya mara kyau. Don haka, yana da mahimmanci a tabbatar cewa wuraren sun yi daidai don isa ga ƙarshe.
Misalan gardamar sacewa
Jigo na 1: Mafi kyawun mata masu siyayya a shagon Alicia.
Jigo na biyu: Rosa mace ce kyakkyawa.
- ƙarshe: Don haka dole Rosa tayi siyayya a shagon Alicia.
Jigo na 1: Yau rana ce ta rana.
Jigo na 2: A ranakun rana muna tafiya don tafiya tare da mahaifina.
- ƙarshe: Yau za mu tafi yawo da mahaifina.
Jigo na 1: Matasa da yawa suna shan maganin.
Jigo na biyu: Matasa da yawa suna da lokacin hutu.
- ƙarshe: Matasa masu lokacin hutu suna amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi.
Jigo na 1: Dandalin dafa abinci ya jike yau.
Jigo na 2: Firiji ya rasa ruwa.
- ƙarshe: Kasan ya jike daga asarar ruwa daga firiji.
Jigo na 1: Duk masu motocin dakon kaya mata ne.
Jigo na biyu: Pedro ma'aikacin hanya ne.
- ƙarshe: Pedro mace ce.
Jigo na 1: Mutanen Uruguay mutanen kirki ne kuma masu natsuwa.
Jigo na biyu: Carlos da María suna da kyau da kwanciyar hankali.
- ƙarshe: Carlos da María yan Uruguay ne.
Jigo na 1: Walat ɗin da ke cikin kantin ku yana da tsada ƙwarai.
Jigo na biyu: Sofia kawai ke siyan jakunkuna masu tsada.
- ƙarshe: Sofia za ta sayi ko za ta saya a cikin shagon ku.
Jigo na 1: Gidan cin abinci koyaushe yana cike da masu yawon bude ido.
Jigo na biyu: Rodrigo dan yawon bude ido ne.
- ƙarshe: Rodrigo yana cikin wannan gidan abincin.
Jigo na 1: Makwabta suna hayaniya.
Jigo na biyu: Sabrina makwabcina ne.
- ƙarshe: Sabrina tana da ƙarfi.
Jigo na 1: Duk tsuntsaye a wannan yanki suna yin hijira a cikin hunturu.
Jigo na biyu: Wannan tsuntsu ne.
- ƙarshe: Dole ne wannan tsuntsu ya yi hijira idan hunturu ya zo.
