Gudummawar Aristotle

Wadatacce

• Ayyukan Aristotle
• Misalan gudummawar Aristotle

Aristotle na Estagira (384 BC-322 BC) masanin falsafa ne na Makidoniya na tsohuwar wayewar Girka, wanda aka yi la’akari da shi tsakanin manyan masu tunani na Yammaci kuma waɗanda ra’ayoyinsu, waɗanda aka tattara a cikin littattafan kusan 200 waɗanda 31 ne kawai aka kiyaye, sun sami inganci da tasiri akan tarihin iliminmu. fiye da shekaru dubu biyu.

Rubuce -rubucensa sun yi magana da ɗimbin sha'awa, daga dabaru, siyasa, ɗabi'a, kimiyyar lissafi, da magana, zuwa waƙa, ilmin taurari, da ilmin halitta; fannonin ilimin da ya taka rawar gani, a wasu lokuta har ma da tushe: ya kasance na farko nazari na dabaru da ilmin halitta a tarihi.

Ya kasance almajirin sauran manyan masana falsafa irin su Plato da Eudoxus, a cikin shekaru ashirin da aka horar da shi a Kwalejin Athens, birni guda wanda daga baya zai sami Lyceum., wurin da zai koyar har faduwar almajirinsa, Alexander of Macedonia, wanda kuma ake kira Alexander the Great. Sannan zai tafi birnin Chalcis, inda zai mutu a shekara mai zuwa.

Halin Aristotle ginshiƙi ne na kimiyyar zamani da falsafa, kuma galibi ana karrama shi a cikin tarurrukan duniya, littattafai, da wallafe -wallafe.

Ayyukan Aristotle

Ayyukan da Aristotle ya rubuta waɗanda suka tsira zuwa gare mu 31 ne, ko da yake mawallafin wasu daga cikinsu a halin yanzu yana jayayya. Kiran Corpus aristotelicum (Aristotelian body), duk da haka, ana yin nazari a cikin fitowar ta Prussian ta Inmanuel Bekker, wanda aka samar tsakanin 1831-1836 kuma yawancin takensa har yanzu suna cikin Latin.

• Litattafan Lissafi: Ƙungiyoyi (Nau'i), Daga tafsiri (Tafsiri), Nazarin farko (Analytica fifiko), Seconds na nazari (Baya Analytica), Maudu'i (Maudu'i), Sophistic refutations (Ta hanyar sophisticis elenchis).
• Darussan kimiyyar lissafi: Jiki (Physica), Sama sama (Ya caelo), Game da tsara da cin hanci da rashawa (Daga tsara da fasadi), Hasashen yanayi (Yanayin yanayiDuniya),Na Duniya), Na ruhi (Da anima), Ƙananan Littattafai akan Yanayi (Parva naturalia), Na numfashi (Ta ruhi), Tarihin dabbobi (Tarihin dabbobi), Sassan dabbobi (By partibus animalium), Motsawar dabbobi (Dagamotu animalium), Ci gaban dabbobi (By incessu animalium), Yawan dabbobi (Ta hanyar tsara rayuwa), Daga launuka (Ta coloribus), Na abubuwan dubawa (By audibilibus(Physiognomonic)Physiognomonica), Daga tsirrai (Ta plantis), Daga abubuwan al'ajabi da aka ji (Da mirabilibus auscultationibus), Makanikai (Makanika), Matsaloli (Matsala), Daga layin da ba a iya gani (Ta hanyar rashin tsaro), Wurin iskoki (Ventorum situs), Melisos, Xenophanes da Gorgias (a taƙaice MXG).
• Magana akan metaphysics: Metaphysics (na Metaphysics)Metaphysica).
• Yarjejeniyar ɗabi'a da siyasa: Da'awar Nicomachean (Ethica Nicomachea), Babban ɗabi'a (Magana moralia), Da'awar Eudemic (Ethica Eudemia), Littafin akan kyawawan halaye da munanan ayyuka (Kyakkyawan tunani da tunani), Siyasa (Siyasa), Tattalin Arziki (Tattalin arziki) da Tsarin Mulkin Atheniya (Athenaion ladabi).
• Litattafan lafazi da wakoki: Aikin Rhetorical (Rhetorica), Rhetoric zuwa Alexander (Rhetorica da Alexandrum) da Poetics (Wakokin ars).

Misalan gudummawar Aristotle

1. Ya gina nasa tsarin falsafa. Sabanin ra'ayoyin malaminsa Plato, wanda duniya ta kasance jirgi biyu ne: mai hankali da fahimta, Aristotle ya ba da shawarar cewa duniya ba ta da sashi. Don haka, ya soki “Theory of forms” na malaminsa, wanda ya yi postin cewa duniyar tunani ita ce duniyar gaskiya kuma duniyar da ake iya ganewa ita ce kawai abin tunani. Ga Aristotle, abubuwa sun ƙunshi wani al'amari da siffa, wanda ba za a iya canzawa ba tare a cikin ainihin gaskiyar, kuma za a iya samun gaskiyar su da ƙarfi, wato ta hanyar gogewa.

1. Shi ne uban kafa dabaru. Tsarin bincike na farko kan ka’idojin inganci ko rashin ingancin tunani ana danganta su ga wannan masanin falsafar Girka, ta hanyar gina rukunin syllogism (cirewa). A nasa kalmomin, wannan “magana ce (tambura. wato, wani tsari na shigar da ƙaddara daga saitin fili. Wannan tsarin ya ba da damar yin nazarin tsarin tunanin kansa daga inganci ko rashin ingancin wuraren. Samfurin da ke ci gaba da aiki har zuwa yau.

1. Ya gabatar da ƙa'idar rashin sabani. Wata babbar gudummawa ga dabaru ita ce ƙa'idar rashin sabani, wanda ke nuna cewa ƙuduri da ƙetarsa ​​ba za su iya zama gaskiya ba a lokaci guda kuma a ma'ana ɗaya. Don haka, duk wani dalili da ke nuna sabani ana iya ɗauka ƙarya ne. Har ila yau, Aristotle ya ba da himmarsa ga nazarin ɓarna (ba daidai ba), wanda ya gano kuma ya rarrabe iri iri goma sha uku.

1. Ya ba da shawarar rarraba falsafa. A wancan lokacin, ana fahimtar falsafa a matsayin "nazarin gaskiya", don haka abin da yake sha'awa yana da faɗi sosai. Maimakon haka Aristotle ya ba da jerin jerin fannoni da suka dogara da shi: dabaru, wanda ya ɗauki horo na shiri; falsafar falsafa, ta ƙunshi kimiyyar lissafi, lissafi da metaphysics; da falsafa mai aiki, wacce ta ƙunshi ɗabi'a da siyasa.

1. Ya ba da shawarar ɗabi'a ta kyawawan halaye. Aristotle ya kare a matsayin muhimman halayen ruhu, wato waɗanda ke da alaƙa da tunanin ɗan adam, wanda a gare shi ya kasu kashi biyu: hankali da so. Ta wurin su, mutum zai iya sarrafa sashi na rashin tunani. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin za su yi hidima ga ɗimbin makarantun falsafa masu zuwa, wanda rarrabuwar ɗan adam tsakanin al'amari mai ma'ana da rashin hankali zai zama jiki cikin wasu sifofi, kamar rarrabuwa na Kirista tsakanin ruhun da baya mutuwa da jikin mutum.

1. Ya fallasa ka'idar gargajiya ta siffofin gwamnati. An ɗauki wannan ka'idar a zahiri ba ta canza ba a ƙarnuka da yawa kuma tana ɗaukar nauyin yawancin tsarin rarrabuwar kawunan mu na yanzu. Aristotle ya ba da shawarar tsarin gwamnati guda shida, wanda aka rarrabasu gwargwadon ko sun nemi fa'idar kowa da kuma adadin masu mulkin da ke akwai, wato:

• Gwamnatocin da ke neman amfanin kowa:
  • Idan mutum daya ke mulki: Sarauta
  • Idan kaɗan ke mulki: Aristocracy
  • Idan da yawa suna mulki: Dimokuradiyya
• Gwamnatoci sun wulakanta su:
  • Idan mutum daya yayi mulki: Zalunci
  • Idan kaɗan ke mulki: Oligarchy
  • Idan da yawa suna mulki: Demagoguery

Wannan rubutun Aristotelian da misalansa masu yawa sun yiwa masana tarihi hidima don sake gina yawancin al'ummar Girka ta lokacin.

1. Ya ba da shawarar ƙirar sararin samaniya. Wannan ƙirar ƙirar tana tunanin ƙasa azaman madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya (kodayake zagaye ne) wanda taurari ke jujjuyawa a cikin wani fili mai siffa. Wannan ƙirar ta ci gaba da aiki cikin ƙarnuka da yawa, har sai Nicolás Copernicus a ƙarni na 16 ya gabatar da ƙirar da ta sanya Sun a matsayin tsakiyar sararin samaniya.

1. Ya haɓaka ka'idar zahiri ta abubuwa huɗu. Ka'idar jikinsa ta dogara ne akan wanzuwar abubuwa huɗu na asali: ruwa, ƙasa, iska, wuta da ether. Ga kowannensu ya sanya motsi na halitta, wato: biyun farko sun koma tsakiyar sararin samaniya, biyun na gaba sun ƙaurace masa, kuma ether ya zagaya tsakiyar cibiyar. Wannan ka'idar ta ci gaba da aiki har zuwa juyin juya halin kimiyya na ƙarni na 16 da 17.

1. Ya gabatar da ka'idar tsararraki kwatsam. Cikakken Jan Van Helmont a karni na goma sha bakwai kuma a ƙarshe ya ƙaryata ta nazarin Louis Pasteur, wannan ka'idar bayyanar rayuwa ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba ta ba da shawarar ƙirƙirar rayuwa daga zafi, raɓa ko gumi, godiya ga ƙarfin samar da rayuwa daga kwayoyin halitta, wanda ya yi baftisma kamar m.

1. An kafa harsashin ka'idar adabi. Tsakanin ku Rhetoric da nasa Waƙoƙi, Aristotle yayi nazarin siffofin harshe da kwaikwayon waƙoƙi, ya shawo kan zargin Plato na mawaƙa (waɗanda ya kore su daga Jamhuriya yana lissafa su a matsayin makaryata), kuma ta haka ne ya kafa tushe don nazarin ilimin falsafa na adabi da adabin adabi, wanda ya kasu kashi uku:

• Almara Farkon labarin, yana da mai shiga tsakani (mai ba da labari) wanda ke tuno ko ya faɗi abubuwan da suka faru sabili da haka ya yi nisa da gaskiyar su.
• Bala'i. Ta hanyar maimaita abubuwan da suka faru da sanya su faruwa a gaban jama'a, wannan nau'in wakilci shine mafi girma ga Aristotle kuma wanda ke ba da kyakkyawan sakamako ga polis, tunda yana wakiltar ɗan adam fiye da shi, da kuma faɗuwarsa.
• Ban dariya. Mai kama da bala'i, amma wakiltar maza mafi muni fiye da su. Karatun karatun ban dariya a cikin Waƙoƙi Aristotle's da rashin alheri sun ɓace.