mulkin fungi

Wadatacce

• Halayen Masarautar Fungi
• Misalan Masarautar Fungi
• Yaya fungi ke ciyarwa?
• Rarraba a cikin masarautar fungi

An rarraba rayayyun halittu cikin masarautu biyar don sauƙaƙe nazari da fahimtar alaƙar da ke tsakanin su da kuma takamaiman halayen kowanne.

An keɓe wannan rarrabuwa daga ƙungiyoyin gama -gari zuwa wasu takamaiman ƙungiyoyi, farawa daga masarautu, sannan phyla ko rarrabuwa, ajin, tsari, iyali, jinsi da nau'in.

A takaice dai, kowace masarauta ta ƙunshi nau'o'in halittu masu yawan gaske waɗanda ke da halaye iri ɗaya.

Masarautun sune:

• Dabbobi (masarautar dabbobi): Kwayoyin Eukaryotic, wayar hannu, ba tare da chloroplast ko bangon sel ba. Shin heterotrophs (suna ciyar da wasu rayayyun halittu).
• Plantae (masarautar shuka): kwayoyin halittar Eukaryotic, ba tare da ikon motsi ba, tare da bangon tantanin halitta mai dauke da cellulose, photosynthetic.
• Naman gwari (Fungi): Kwayoyin Eukaryotic, ba tare da ikon motsi ba, tare da bangon sel wanda ke ɗauke da chitin.
• Protista: Sauran kwayoyin eukaryotic (tare da sel wanda ya haɗa da keɓaɓɓiyar tsakiya) wacce ba a haɗa ta tsakanin tsirrai, dabbobi, da fungi.
• Monera: Kwayoyin prokaryotic. A cikin Kwayoyin prokaryotic Ba su da wata cibiya mai banbanci, wato, ba a raba kayan halittar kwayoyin halittu daga sauran tantanin halitta ta membrane na sel, amma ana samun shi kyauta a cikin cytoplasm.

• Yana iya ba ku: Misalai Daga Kowane Masarauta

Halayen Masarautar Fungi

• Kwayoyin halittar Eukaryotic: Kwayoyin eukaryotic ne suka samar da su, wato suna da gindin zama inda kayan halittar halittar ke cikin sifar chromosomes.
• Bango na sel: Kamar shuke -shuke, suna da bangon tantanin halitta a waje da murfin plasma. Ba kamar tsire -tsire ba, wannan bangon ya ƙunshi chitin da glucans.
• Danshi: Suna yaɗuwa a wuraren da suke da zafi da na ruwa.
• Heterotrophs: Ba kamar tsire -tsire ba, suna buƙatar ciyar da kan kwayoyin halitta wasu halittu ne suka yi, tunda ba za su iya photosynthesize ba. Halin da ya bambanta su da sauran heterotrophs shine cewa suna yin narkewar abincin su na waje: suna ɓoye enzymes waɗanda ke narkar da abinci sannan su sha kwayoyin da ke haifar da wannan narkewar.
• Sake haifuwa ta spores: Spores su ne ƙwayoyin microscopic unicellular ko multicellular. Ana tarwatsa su a cikin wani yanayi na ɓoyewa har sai an sami yanayi mai kyau don tsirowar su. Wannan haifuwa na iya zama na jima'i ko mai lalata, dangane da nau'in.

A namu rayuwar yau da kullum, Za mu iya samun namomin kaza a cikin hanyar abinci (a cikin samfuran kiwo iri -iri, giya, ko da kansu), ko kuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na magungunan magani. Hakanan akwai gurɓataccen naman gwari, kamar waɗanda ke lalata itace, da ƙwayoyin fungi waɗanda ke haifar da cuta a jikin ɗan adam. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin al'adu daban -daban ana amfani da namomin kaza don abubuwan hallucinogenic.

Misalan Masarautar Fungi

1. Fly swatter (Amanita muscaria): Raba: basidiomycetes. Oda: Agaricales. Naman kaza wanda ke gurɓata kwari da ke hulɗa da shi na ɗan lokaci. Yana girma daga 10 zuwa 20 santimita. Ja ne mai launin fari. Ana samun sa a wurare daban -daban, amma galibi dazuzzuka, yayin da yake girma hade da tushen bishiyoyi daban -daban. Yana da naman hallucinogenic.
2. Amethyst Lacaria (laccaria amethystea): Raba: basidiomycetes. Darasi: Homobasidiomycetes. Umarni: Tricholomatales. Naman kaza wanda ke da hula har zuwa 5 cm a diamita. Yana da launi mai launi na violet. Ya bayyana a wuraren dazuzzuka da gandun daji.
3. Namomin tauraro (aseroë rubra). Raba: basidiomycetes. Darasi: agaricomycetes. Oda: Phallales. Ana iya gane naman kaza ta wurin warinsa mara daɗi, wanda ke jan hankalin kuda, da kuma siffar tauraro. Jigonsa fari ne kuma hannayensa jajaye. Zai iya kaiwa santimita 10. Kowane hannunsa (tsakanin 6 zuwa 9) yana auna milimita 33.
4. Sigarin Iblis (chorioactis geaster). Raba: ascomycetes. Darasi: pezizomycetes. Umarni. Pezizales. Naman kaza mai siffa mai launin shuɗi, mai launi. Bambancin sa shine cewa yana samar da sauti lokacin da ya buɗe don sakin ƙwarjin sa. Suna girma akan matattun itacen al'ul ko tushen itacen oak. Ana samun sa ne kawai a Amurka da Japan.
5. Giya giya (Saccharomyces cervisiae). Raba: ascomycetes. Darasi: Hemiascomycetes. Umarni: Saccharomycetales. Naman gwari unicellular. Wani irin yisti da ake amfani da shi wajen yin burodi, giya, da giya. Yana haifuwa a cikin mai lalata ta hanyar budding. A karkashin wasu sharuɗɗa yana da ikon sake yin jima'i.
6. Penicillium Roqueforti. Raba: ascomycotic. Darasi: eurotiomycetes. Oda: Eurtiales. Ana amfani da shi wajen kera iri -iri iri -iri, gami da cuku mai shuɗi (Roqueforte, Cabrales, Valdeón, da sauransu).
7. Naman kaza Pine (suillus luteus). Raba: basidiomycetes. Darasi: homobasidiomycetes. Oda: boletales. Yana iya isa 10 cm a diamita. Dark launin ruwan kasa a launi da viscous surface. Ana samuwa a cikin gandun daji. Naman kaza ne mai cin abinci.
8. Dermatophyte naman gwari (epidermophyton floccosum). Raba: ascomycotic. Darasi: eurotiomycetes. Order: onygenales. Naman gwari wanda ke haifar da cututtukan fata kamar tsutsotsi, ƙafar ɗan wasa, da onychomycosis. Ana yada shi ta hanyar lamba. Yana girma cikin yankuna.
9. Crepidotus. Raba: Basidiomycetes. Oda: Agaricales. Fungal saprophytic fungi. Na launuka tsakanin fari da launin ruwan kasa. Yana girma a cikin yanayin yanayi.
10. Penicillium chrysogenum. Raba: ascomycotic. Darasi: Eurothiomycetes. Oda: eurotiales. Wannan naman gwari ne ke samar da penicillin (maganin rigakafi wanda ya ba da damar maganin cututtukan da ake ganin ba za su iya warkewa ba).

Yaya fungi ke ciyarwa?

• Saprophytes: Suna cinye ragowar halittu masu rarrafe.
• Parasites: Suna cinye kwayoyin halittu masu rai da suke rayuwa da su.
• Symbionts: Suna haɗuwa da tsire -tsire suna samun fa'ida ga duka biyun.

Rarraba a cikin masarautar fungi

An raba masarautar Fungi kamar haka:

• Basidiomycetes (Rarraba Basidiomycota): Namomin kaza da ke samar da basidia (tsarin samar da abubuwa) tare da basidiospores (ƙwayoyin haihuwa).
• Ascomycetes (Rarraba Ascomycota): Namomin kaza da kyawon tsirrai waɗanda ke samar da asci (kwayar halittar jima'i) tare da ascospores (kowane ascus yana samar da ascospores 8).
• Glomeromycetes (Rukunin Glomeromycota): Mycorrhizae, wato naman gwari da alakar symbiotic tare da tushen shuka.
• Zygomycetes (Zygomycota division): Mould da ke samar da zygospores (bangaren jima'i na naman gwari)
• Chitridiomycetes (Rukunin Chytridiomycota): fungi microscopic tare da zoospores da uniformlagellate gametes.