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Wadatacce

• Misalan sufuri mai wucewa
• Misalan sufuri mai aiki

An suna safarar sel zuwa musanya abubuwa tsakanin cikin tantanin halitta da muhallin da ake samu a ciki. Wannan yana faruwa ta hanyar hanyoyin membrane plasma, wanda shine shamaki wanda bai iyakance tantanin halitta.

Sufurin salula yana da mahimmanci don shigar da abubuwan gina jiki da abubuwan da ke narkar da muhalli, da fitar da sharar gida ko abubuwa masu narkewa a cikin sel, kamar hormones ko enzymes. Dangane da jagorancin motsi na kwayoyin halitta da farashin kuzarin ta, za mu yi magana game da:

• M sufuri. Ta hanyar goyan bayan jujjuyawar hankali, wato, daga matsakaicin mai da hankali zuwa ƙasa mai da hankali, yana faruwa ta hanyar watsawa ta cikin membrane kuma ba shi da ƙimar kuzari, tunda yana amfani da motsi na bazuwar ƙwayoyin. makamashi). Akwai nau'ikan sufuri masu wucewa guda huɗu:
  • Watsawa mai sauƙi. Kayan yana motsawa daga wurin da aka fi mai da hankali zuwa mafi ƙanƙantar da hankali har sai matakan sun daidaita.
  • An sauƙaƙe watsawa. Ana gudanar da sufuri ta hanyar sunadarai na sufuri na musamman waɗanda aka samu a cikin membran tantanin halitta.
  • Tacewa. Fatar plasma tana da ramuka ta hanyar abin da wani abu mai girman gaske zai iya shiga cikinsa ta hanyar matsin lamba.
  • Osmosis. Mai kama da watsawa mai sauƙi, ya dogara da matakin kwayoyin na ruwa ta cikin membrane, saboda matsin matsakaici da zaɓin sa.

• Motar aiki. Ba kamar mai wuce gona da iri ba, yana aiki akan ƙanƙantar da hankali (daga ƙaramin yanki zuwa mafi mai da hankali), don haka yana da farashin kuzarin salula. Wannan yana ba wa sel damar tara abin da suke buƙata don aiwatar da kira.

Misalan sufuri mai wucewa

1. Rushewa a cikin Layer phospholipid. Don haka, abubuwa da yawa suna shiga cikin tantanin halitta, kamar ruwa, oxygen, carbon dioxide, bitamin mai narkewa mai kitse, steroids, glycerines, da ƙananan allurai masu nauyi.
2. Shigarwa ta hanyar tashoshin gina jiki gaba ɗaya. Wasu abubuwa na ionic (cajin wutar lantarki), kamar sodium, potassium, calcium ko bicarbonate, suna ratsa cikin membrane wanda tashoshi ke jagoranta da furotin na musamman don wannan, ƙanana kaɗan.
3. Ciwon koda glomeruli. Suna tace jini a cikin kodan, suna cire shi da urea, creatinine da gishirin, ta hanyar aiwatar da taɓarɓarewa wanda capillaries ke aiwatarwa, suna hana wucewar manyan abubuwa da fitar da ƙananan saboda godiya ga matsin lamba.
4. Shawar glucose. Ana adana sel koyaushe tare da ƙarancin glucose, yana sa ya kasance yana gudana koyaushe ta hanyar watsawa cikin cikin su. Don yin wannan, sunadarai masu jigilar kaya suna ɗauke da shi sannan su juya zuwa glucose-6-phosphate.
5. Ayyukan insulin. Wannan hormone da pancreas ya ɓoye yana haɓaka haɓaka glucose a cikin jini zuwa sel, yana rage kasancewar sukari a cikin jini, yana cika rawar hemoregulator.
6. Watsawa gas. Watsawa mai sauƙi yana ba da damar shigar da iskar gas da ake samarwa ta numfashi, daga waje zuwa cikin sel daga maida hankali cikin jini. Ta wannan hanyar ana fitar da CO₂ kuma ana amfani da iskar oxygen.
7. Gumi. Ana fitar da fitar da gumi ta fata ta hanyar osmosis: ruwan yana fita yana ɗaukar guba da sauran abubuwa tare da shi.
8. Tushen shuka. Suna da membranes na zaɓaɓɓu waɗanda ke ba da damar ruwa da sauran ma'adanai su shiga cikin abin shuka, sannan su aika zuwa ganyayyaki don ɗaukar hoto.
9. Shawar hanji. Kwayoyin epithelial na hanji suna shan ruwa da sauran abubuwan gina jiki daga kan kujera, ba tare da barin su shiga cikin jini ba. Zaɓin zaɓin kuma yana faruwa ba da daɗewa ba, ta hanyar gradient na lantarki.
10. Sakin enzymes da hormones a cikin jini. Sau da yawa ana samar da shi ta makanikai na babban taro na cikin gida, ba tare da farashin ATP ba.

Misalan sufuri mai aiki

1. Ruwa na sodium-potassium. Yana da tsarin membrane na sel wanda ke ba da damar, ta hanyar furotin mai jigilar kaya, za a fitar da sodium daga cikin sel kuma a maye gurbinsa da potassium, yana riƙe gradients ion (low sodium da potassium mai yawa) da polarity na lantarki da ya dace.
2. Calcium famfo. Wani furotin na sufuri da ke cikin membran tantanin halitta, yana ba da damar ɗaukar alli a kan gradient na lantarki, daga cytoplasm zuwa waje.
3. Phagocytosis. Farin jinin da ke kare kwayoyin halitta yana haɗawa, ta cikin jakar membrane na plasma ɗinsu, ɓoyayyun baƙin da za mu fitar daga baya.
4. Pinocytosis. Wani tsarin phagocytization yana gudana ta hanyar mamayewa a cikin membrane wanda ke ba da izinin shigar da ruwan muhalli. Wani abu ne da kwai ke yi yayin balaga.
5. Exocytosis. Sabanin phagocytization, yana fitar da abubuwan da ke cikin salula ta cikin jakar membranous waɗanda ke motsawa zuwa waje, har sai sun haɗu da membrane kuma su buɗe waje. Wannan shine yadda neurons ke sadarwa: watsa abubuwan ionic.
6. HIV kamuwa da cuta. Kwayar cutar kanjamau tana shiga sel ta hanyar amfani da fatar jikin su, tana ɗaure ga glycoproteins da ke cikin mayafin su na waje (masu karɓan CD4) kuma suna shiga cikin cikin su sosai.
7. Transcytosis. Cakuda na endocytosis da exocytosis, yana ba da damar jigilar abubuwa daga matsakaici zuwa wani, misali, daga jijiyoyin jini zuwa kyallen da ke kewaye.
8. Sugar phototransferase. Tsarin al'ada na wasu kwayoyin cuta Menene coli, wanda ya kunshi gyara sinadaran ciki don jawo hankalin wasu ta covalent bonding kuma ta haka ne ke adana kuzari mai yawa.
9. Karfe irin. Bacteria da yawa suna ɗauke da baƙin ƙarfe ta hanyar ɓoye ɓoyayyun ɓangarori kamar enterobactin, wanda ke ɗaure da baƙin ƙarfe da ke samar da chelates sannan kuma yana shafan shi cikin ƙwayoyin cuta, inda aka saki ƙarfe.
10. Babban darajar LDL. Wannan lipoprotein tare da cholesterol esters ana kama shi ta sel saboda godiya ga aikin apoprotein (B-100) wanda ke ba da damar shiga cikin membrane da rarrabuwa na gaba. amino acid.