Wadatacce
The gane kwayan cuta da hanyar rarrabuwa ta Tincture of Gram, masanin kimiyyar Danish Christian Gram ne ya ƙirƙira shi a cikin 1884 kuma daga can ya samo sunan sa. Menene ya ƙunshi?
Ya ƙunshi ƙara takamaiman jerin aladu da mordants zuwa samfurin dakin gwaje -gwaje, ta haka ne ake samun ruwan hoda ko launin shuɗi, gwargwadon irin kwayoyin cuta: na Gram tabbatacce suna amsa alade kuma za su bayyana launin shuɗi a ƙarƙashin madubin microscope; yayin da Gram korau suna tsayayya da tabo kuma za su sanya shi ja ko ruwan hoda a launi.
Wannan bambancin amsa yana nuna wani abun daban na ambulan tantanin halitta, tunda gram mai kyau Suna da kaurin peptidoglycan (murein), wanda ke ba su babban juriya amma yana sa su riƙe fenti da kyau. The gram mara kyau, a maimakon haka, suna da murfin lipid sau biyu a cikin ambulaf ɗin su, don haka suna buƙatar ƙaramin sifar peptidoglycan kuma, sabili da haka, ba sa tabo a hanya ɗaya.
Wannan hanyar tana bayyana nau'in nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta na halitta, yana da amfani yayin gano nau'in kuma musamman ma kwayoyin da ake bukata don yakar ta.
Kodayake ƙwayoyin gram-tabbatacce ƙungiya ce iri-iri kuma mafi rinjaye, tare da kasancewar ƙwayoyin hannu (flagellates) har ma da photosynthetic, ƙwayoyin gram-negative sune da alhakin yawancin cututtukan da aka sani na kwayan cuta.
Misalan kwayoyin cutar gram-tabbatacce
- Staphylococcus aureus. Mai alhakin kumburi, dermatitis, cututtukan gida da yiwuwar gastroenteritis.
- Streptococcus pyrogenes. Dalilin kamuwa da cututtuka a cikin fili na numfashi, da zazzabin rheumatic.
- Streptococcus aglactiae. Na kowa a lokuta na meningitis neonatal, endometritis da ciwon huhu.
- Streptococcus faecalis. Yawanci a cikin cututtukan biliary da urinary tract, yana zaune cikin hanjin ɗan adam.
- Streptococcus pneumoniae. Yana da alhakin ciwon huhu da cututtukan cututtukan numfashi, da otitis, meningitis da peritonitis.
- Streptococcus sanguis. Sanadin endocarditis, lokacin da ya shiga cikin jini ta hanyar raunuka a cikin mazaunin sa, bakin da mucous hakori.
- Clostridium tetani. Kwayoyin da ke da alhakin tetanus suna shiga jiki daga ƙasa ta hanyar rauni zuwa ƙarshen.
- Bacillus anthracis. Ita ce sananniyar kwayar cutar anthrax, duka a cikin nau'ikan cutan da na huhu.
- Clostridium botullinum. Dalilin botulism na gargajiya da na jarirai, yana rayuwa a cikin ƙasa kuma a cikin abincin da aka kiyaye.
- Clostridium yana shafawa. Wannan ƙwayar cuta tana ɓoye gubobi waɗanda ke lalata bangon tantanin halitta, kuma tana da alhakin gangrenes na gas, necrotizing enteritis, da endometritis.
Misalan kwayoyin cutar gram-negative
- Neisseria meningitidis. Kwayar cuta mai hatsari da ke haifar da cutar sankarau da ciwon sankarau, ta mamaye mazaunin numfashin ɗan adam kuma ta haura zuwa meninges ta hanyar jini.
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae. An san shi ne sanadin gonorrhea, cutar da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i.
- Escherichia coli. Wani mazaunin mazaunin mazaunin mazaunin ɗan adam, yana cikin abin da ake kira “zawo na matafiyi”, da kuma cutar sankarau, jarirai da cututtukan fitsari.
- Salmonella typhi. Kwayoyin da ke da alhakin cutar da aka sani da zazzabin typhoid, galibi ana daukar su ta hanyar fecal-oral: gurɓataccen ruwa, rashin zubar da najasa ko rashin tsabta.
- Salmonella enteritis. Yawancin lokaci yana haifar da enterocoitis da septicemia tare da kumburi idan ya wuce daga hanji zuwa cikin jini.
- Haemophilus mura. Yawancin lokaci bacillus na aerobic, yana da alhakin yawan ciwon sankarau, otitis, sinusitis, bronchopneumonia, cellulitis da septic arthritis.
- Bordetella pertussis. Sanadin cutar da aka sani da tari, tare da yawan mutuwar jarirai.
- Brucella abortus. Yana haifar da brucellosis, cutar shanun da ake watsawa ga mutum ta hanyar mu'amala da dabbobi ko ta hanyar shan kayan kiwo mara kyau.
- Francisella tularensis. Wanda ke da alhakin abin da ake kira "zazzabin zomo" ko tularemia, vectors (mites ko wasu nau'ikan exoparasites) na zomaye, barewa da dabbobi masu kama da shi.
- Pasteurella multocida. Anaerobic bacillus, wanda aka watsa ta hanyar cizon dabbobi masu kamuwa da cuta, kamar kuliyoyi da karnuka. Yana yaduwa ta fata kuma yana cutar da tsarin numfashi, yana haifar da cellulite.
