Misalai na Crystallization - Encyclopedia

Video: Copper sulphate crystallization | Crystallisation | Chemistry

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Misalan crystallization
Wasu dabaru na ware gauraya

The crystallization shine tsarin sunadarai na canji na a gas, ruwa ko daya rushewa, a cikin hanyar haɗin gungun ƙwayoyin cuta wanda ke haifar da saitin kristal mai ƙarfi.

Waɗannan lu'ulu'u suna da tsabta a yanayi, don haka ana iya amfani da wannan hanyar don raba abubuwa daga wasu cakuda kama. The crystallization Ana iya aiwatar da shi ta hanyoyi da yawa, gami da canjin zaɓi na zazzabi ko matsin lamba, da kuma hadawa da wasu sinadarai da abubuwa.

Siffar, girma da ingancin lu'ulu'u da aka samu zai dogara ne kan yanayi da lokacin da aka ba da izinin ƙirƙirar su.

Crystals sune tsayayyen tsari wanda ke da tsari mai rarrabewa. Sun zama ruwan dare gama gari kuma an rarrabasu bisa ga tsarin mulkin su kamar: m, haske, ionic, covalent, molecular and metallic.

Misalan crystallization

Samar da ƙanƙara. A ranakun sanyi musamman, tururin ruwa na yanayi na iya yin kuka a saman saman sanyi kamar gilashi ko wasu karafa, kamar siffofin dusar ƙanƙara. An san wannan da dusar ƙanƙara, amma su lu'ulu'u ne na ruwa tare da tsarin mulki na yau da kullun.
Ruwan daskarewa. Duk da cewa kankara ba irin wannan ba ne, a lokacin matakan farko na daskarewa da ruwa ana iya ganin samuwar dendrites da sauran abubuwan da suka nutse a cikin kwantena waɗanda suke kamanceceniya da kamannin lu'ulu'u.
Haɓakar ruwan gishiri. Wannan hanya ta zama ruwan dare gama -gari wajen samun lu'ulu'u na gishiri da kuma tantance ruwa. Lokacin tafasa, ruwa ya zama gas kuma gishirin da aka narkar a cikinsa ya kasance, yana komawa cikin kwayoyin su a cikin sigar lu'ulu'u na saline a ƙasa.
Ƙirƙirar asfirin. Acetylsalicylic acid, mahaɗan aiki na mashahurin magani, a zahiri shine ester wanda ke ƙyalli a gaban ethanoic anhydride da acid sulfuric, ban da allurar zafi.
Winterization na mai. Wannan tsari yana da amfani don samun mai mafi tsabta da ƙananan yawa, daga saurin sanyaya mai mai ɗorewa na mai don haifar da crystallization na stearins, cikakken glycerides, waxes da sauran abubuwan da ba a so. Da zarar waɗannan sun yi lu'ulu'u masu ƙarfi, ana tace su kuma centrifuge mai kafin su iya dawo da hakokin su kuma ana ciro su daga cakuda.
Sugar crystallization. Sucrose da sauran kayan zaki waɗanda gabatarwar kasuwancin su ke cikin lu'ulu'u don narkar da su a cikin abubuwan sha, sun sami tsarin crystallization daga syrup mai daɗi wanda aka samo su. Sannan an cakuda cakuda don raba lu'ulu'u na zuma. Sugar "mai farin jini" ko "launin ruwan kasa", ba fari ba, shine ainihin sukari a matakin farko na crystallization (wanda ba a tantance ba).
Covalent lu'ulu'u na carbon. Ana fuskantar matsanancin matsin lamba a ƙarƙashin ƙasa da jinkirin tafiyar metamorphosis, carbon na iya zama kowane ɗayan allotropes uku: carbon, graphite ko diamond. Wannan shari'ar ta ƙarshe daidai ce misalin gilashin, wanda zarra suna da haɗin kai sosai har suna gabatar da taurin da ƙima sosai wurin narkewa gane.
Sublimation na baya. Wasu m cewa lokacin da aka fallasa zafi ya wuce zuwa yanayin gas (sublimation) daga baya zai iya dawo da yanayin su na zahiri kamar lu'ulu'u, lokacin da aka fallasa su da raguwar zafin jiki, a cikin abin da ake kira sublimation na baya. A cikin aiwatar da ƙazantar daskararre za ta ɓace kuma za a sami lu'ulu'u masu tsabta a wurin su. Wannan tsari yana da amfani don tsarkake iodine ko sulfur, misali.
Tsarkake Silicon. Kodayake silicon baya yin sublimate, yana yiwuwa a tsarkake shi ta narkar da shi sannan a zaɓi sanyaya shi, don tsabtace ƙazantattun ƙazantattun abubuwa daga madaidaicin madaurin siliki wanda ake amfani da su a cikin superconductor masana'antu.
Benzoic acid crystallization. Wannan tsari na crystallization yana faruwa ne daga maganin benzoic acid a cikin acetone, tare da ƙara ruwa mai sauƙi. Hulda tsakanin garwayayyun abubuwa guda biyu yana haifar da sabon cakuda kuma benzoic acid yana ƙyalli a ƙasan akwati.
Tsarin marmara na marine. Kamar na mollusks, murjani da bivalves, wanda ta hanyar aikin wasu furotin ba za su iya hanzartawa kawai ba, amma suna tsara halittar ƙira ko ma'adini a kan dutsen da mazauninsu zai kasance.
Ƙirƙirar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta. A cikin abubuwa kamar sulfur dioxide (SO₂), Ƙungiyoyin Van der Waals da haɓakar hydrogen suna haifar da samuwar kristal na ƙwayoyin, wanda galibi suna raguwa kuma suna narkewa a ƙasa da 100 ° C.
Lu'ulu'u na azurfa don fina -finai. Samun lu'ulu'u na azurfa yana da amfani ga wasu kayan aikin fim ko masana'antar daukar hoto na farko (ba na dijital ba), tunda suna kula da haske kuma sun ba da damar sake tsara abu gwargwadon hasken haske ta hanyar ruwan tabarau. An samo su daga mahadi sunadarai azaman azurfa bromide, chloride ko iodide.
Calcium oxalate lu'ulu'u. Waɗannan lu'ulu'u an kafa su ta hanyar sakawa ka fita da alli a cikin kodan, inda suke yin oxidation da samar da ƙananan duwatsu masu duhu waɗanda daga nan sai a fitar da azaba tare da fitsari. Ciwon koda ne na kowa wanda aka sani da duwatsun koda, ko kuma “dutse” ko “grit” a cikin kodan.
Crical crystalline Uric acid. Wannan lamari ne na cutar da aka sani da sauke, wanda lu'ulu'u na uric acid ke samarwa a cikin gidajen abinci, yana haifar da ciwo da raguwa motsi. Yana iya zama sakamakon shanyewar purines da suka wuce kima, ko gazawar koda na girma mai yawa.