Alloys

Wadatacce

• Nau'in allo
• Alloy Properties
• Misalan allo

An suna gami zuwa tsarin da abubuwa biyu ko fiye, galibi ƙarfe, ana haɗa su cikin raka'a guda ɗaya wanda ke samun kaddarorin duka biyun. Galibi ana la'akari da allo gauraya, tunda atom ɗin abubuwan da aka haɗa ba sa samarwa, sai dai a lokuta da yawa, halayen sunadarai wanda ke haɗaka da ƙwayoyin su.

Yawanci, abubuwan da ake amfani da su a cikin ƙarfe ƙarfe ne: ƙarfe, aluminium, jan ƙarfe, gubar, da dai sauransu, amma a ƙarfe ƙarfe tare da wanda ba ƙarfe ba: carbon, sulfur, arsenic, phosphorus, da dai sauransu.

Duk da haka, kayan da ake samu daga cakuda koyaushe yana da halaye na ƙarfe (suna, tana tuki zafi da wutar lantarki, yana da yawa ko hardasa taurin, fiye ko malasa rashin sauƙi, fiye ko lessasa ductility, da sauransu), gyara ko ƙarfafawa tare da ƙari na wani abu.

Nau'in allo

Yawancin lokaci ana rarrabe shi tsakanin allo tare da fifikon fifikon ɗayan abubuwan akan wasu (alal misali, jan ƙarfe), amma kuma An rarrabe su gwargwadon adadin abubuwan da ke cikin cakuda, wato:

• Binary. Sun ƙunshi abubuwa biyu (ginshiƙan tushe da ƙarfe na ƙarfe).
• Ternary. Sun ƙunshi abubuwa uku (ginshiƙan tushe da allo biyu).
• Quaternary. Sun ƙunshi abubuwa huɗu (ginshiƙan tushe da allo uku).
• Hadaddun. Sun ƙunshi abubuwa biyar ko fiye (ginshiƙan tushe da ƙarfe huɗu ko fiye).

Wani rarrabuwa mai yiwuwa ya bambanta tsakanin nauyi da haske, bisa ga kaddarorin kayan ƙarfe na tushe. Sabili da haka, murfin aluminium zai zama haske, amma ƙarfe na ƙarfe zai yi nauyi.

Alloy Properties

Ƙayyadaddun kaddarorin kowane alloy sun dogara ne kan abubuwan da ke cikin cakuda, amma kuma kan gwargwadon abin da ke tsakaninsu.

Don haka, ta ƙara ƙarin kayan haɗawa, wasu halaye na kayan tushe za a canza su sosai, don cutar da wasu. Wannan gwargwado, gwargwadon gami, na iya bambanta tsakanin mafi ƙarancin kaso (0.2 zuwa 2%) ko fiye da yawa a cikin cakuda.

Misalan allo

1. Karfe. Wannan gami yana da mahimmanci ga masana'antar gine -gine, tunda ana amfani da shi don yin katako ko tallafi don zuba kankare ko kankare. Abu ne mai tsayayye kuma mai iya rikitarwa, samfur ne na baƙin ƙarfe da carbon, galibi, kodayake yana iya ƙunsar silicon, sulfur da oxygen a cikin mafi ƙarancin rabo. Kasancewar carbon yana sa baƙin ƙarfe ya zama mafi tsayayya ga lalata kuma ya fi ƙaruwa a lokaci guda, don haka a cikin ƙananan lokuta yana wuce ƙima kaɗan. Dangane da kasancewar wannan kashi na ƙarshe, ana samun cikakken kewayon steels masu amfani.
2. Tagulla. Ana amfani da wannan kayan sosai a masana'antar kwantena, musamman waɗanda aka yi niyya don abinci mara lalacewa, kazalika a cikin bututun ruwa da famfunan cikin gida. An samo shi daga murfin jan ƙarfe da zinc, yana da ƙarfi sosai kuma yana da sauƙi kuma yana haskakawa cikin sauƙi lokacin gogewa. Dangane da rabo tsakanin abubuwan, yana yiwuwa a sami bambance -bambancen da ke da kaddarori daban -daban: fiye ko resistantasa mai tsayayya da su oxide, fiye ko fragasa mai rauni, da dai sauransu.
3. Tagulla. Bronze ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin ɗan adam, a matsayin kayan don yin kayan aiki, makamai da abubuwan bukukuwa. An yi karrarawa da yawa tare da wannan kayan, gami da tsabar kuɗi da lambobin yabo da yawa, mutum -mutumi na ƙasa da kayan aiki daban -daban na cikin gida, suna cin gajiyar babban rashi da samun tattalin arzikinsa daga jan ƙarfe da kwano.
4. Bakin karfe. Wannan nau'in baƙin ƙarfe na yau da kullun (ƙarfe carbon) yana da ƙima don tsananin juriya na lalata, yana mai da shi mafi dacewa don yin abubuwan dafa abinci, sassan mota, da kayan aikin likita. Don samun wannan ƙarfe, ana amfani da chromium da nickel a cikin gami da ƙarfe.
5. Amalgam. Ba tare da amfani da shi ba saboda abubuwan da ke cikin mercury wanda ya sa ya zama ɗan guba ga jikin ɗan adam, wannan ƙirar ƙarfe ta kasance ana amfani da ita azaman mai rufe haƙoran haƙora. Shi ne garu na azurfa, kwano, tagulla da mercury a cikin wani abu mai kayan lemo wanda yake taurin idan ya bushe.
6. Duralumin. Duralumin shine ƙarfe mai haske kuma mai jurewa, wanda ya haɗu da kaddarorin jan ƙarfe da aluminium, wanda allurar sa samfur ce. Ana amfani da shi a masana'antar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama da sauran waɗanda ke buƙatar haske, mai sauƙaƙe da tsatsa.
7. Pewter. Samfurin ƙarfe na zinc, gubar, tin da antimony, abu ne da aka daɗe ana amfani da shi wajen fayyace abubuwan dafa abinci (kofuna, faranti, tukwane, da sauransu) saboda tsananin haske da yadda ake gudanar da zafi. Yana da kyan gani sosai, dukiyar da babu shakka tana karba daga keɓaɓɓiyar laushin gubar.
8. Farin zinare. Yawancin jauhari (zobba, abin wuya, da sauransu) da abubuwan ado ana yin su ne daga abin da ake kira farin zinare: ƙarfe mai ƙyalli, mai haske da ƙima wanda ake samu ta hanyar haɗa gwal, jan ƙarfe, nickel da zinc. Yana da kyau don yin kayan adon da ya fi zinariya tsantsa, kuma yana ba ku damar amfani da ƙarancin wannan ma'adinai masu daraja, cimma abubuwa masu rahusa.
9. Magnalium. Wani ƙarfe da masana'antar kera motoci da canning ke nema sosai, tunda duk da ƙarancin ƙarancinsa yana da tauri, tauri da ƙarfi. An samo shi ta hanyar haɗa aluminum tare da abun cikin magnesium (kusan 10%).
10. Karfe na itace. Wannan ƙarfe ya samo sunansa daga likitan hakora Barnabás Wood, wanda ya ƙirƙira shi, kuma yana haɗe da 50% bismuth, 25% lead, 12.5% ​​tin, da 12.5% ​​cadmium. Duk da guba, idan aka ba da gubar da cadmium da ke ƙunshe, ana amfani da shi a narke da walda, yana sakin gas ɗin da bai kamata a shaƙa ba. A yau, duk da haka, akwai ƙarancin hanyoyin guba don amfani.
11. Karfe Field. Wannan allurar bismuth (32.5%), indium (51%) da tin (16.5%) ya zama ruwa a 60 ° C, don haka ana amfani dashi don gyaran masana'antu da samfur, ko azaman maye gurbin ƙarfe na katako.
12. Galinstano. Ofaya daga cikin karafa waɗanda aka yi ƙoƙarin maye gurbin amfani da allo tare da mercury (mai guba), shine wannan gami na gallium, indium da tin. Yana da ruwa a zafin jiki na ɗaki kuma yana da ƙarancin haske kuma ba shi da yawa fiye da mercury. Hakanan yana da aikace -aikace azaman mai sanyaya ruwa.
13. Rose Metal. Har ila yau aka sani da Rose Alloy Karfe ne da aka yi amfani da shi sosai a walda da haɗawa, samfurin bi da bi na bismuth (50%), gubar (25%) da tin (25%).
14. NaK. An san shi da wannan sunan ga wani ƙarfe na sodium (Na) da potassium (K), wani abu mai ƙonawa sosai, mai iya sakin yawan kuzarin kalori (exothermic). Gramsan gram kaɗan sun isa, a cikin hulɗa da iskar oxygen a cikin iska sun isa su kunna wuta. Duk da haka, wannan gami yana ruwa a cikin zafin jiki kuma ana amfani dashi azaman mai kara kuzari, firiji ko bushewar masana'antu.
15. Mai mahimmanci. Ƙararrakin cobalt (65%), chromium (25%) da molybdenum (6%) da sauran ƙananan abubuwa (baƙin ƙarfe, nickel), an haɓaka shi a karon farko a 1932 kuma yana da amfani sosai saboda haskensa da matsananci juriya ga lalata da zafin jiki. Ana kera su da kayan aikin tiyata masu mahimmanci, injin turbines ko ɗakunan konewa.