Wadatacce
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) masanin kimiyyar Italiyanci ne na ƙarni na 16, yana da alaƙa da juyin juya halin kimiyya da ƙasashen yamma suka samu a cikin wannan ƙarni, saboda gudummawar da ya bayar a fannonin kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin taurari, injiniya da lissafi. Ya kuma nuna sha'awar zane -zane (kiɗa, zane, adabi) kuma ana ɗaukarsa ta hanyoyi da yawa uban ilimin zamani.
Ofan dangin da ke cikin ƙananan masu daraja, ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Pisa, Italiya, inda ya yi karatun likitanci, amma musamman lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi, zama mai bin Euclides, Pythagoras, Plato da Archimedes, ta haka suna ƙauracewa manyan matsayin Aristotelian. Daga baya zai yi aiki a matsayin farfesa na jami'a a duka Pisa da Padua, a ƙarshen ya fi sauƙi, tunda yana cikin Jamhuriyar Venice inda Inquisition ba ta da ƙarfi.
Ayyukansa na kimiyya sun kasance masu haske da annashuwa a cikin abubuwan da aka gano, gami da tabbatattun ka'idoji waɗanda suka lalata yawancin abin da aka tabbatar game da duniya a wancan lokacin. Wannan ya motsa Mai binciken Inji Mai Tsarki na Cocin Katolika ya mai da hankali ga rubutunsu da wallafe -wallafen su., yana yin Allah wadai da ka'idar Copernican (heliocentric, yana adawa da yanayin ƙasa) cewa Galilei zai kare duka a matsayin "wauta, rashin hankali a falsafa da ƙaƙƙarfan bidi'a".
An tilasta gabatar da sakamakon gwaje -gwajensa a matsayin hasashe kuma bai nuna wata shaida a cikin ni'imar sa ba, an soke shi a cikin 1616 kuma an yanke masa hukunci a 1633 bisa zargin bidi'a. A yayin aiwatar da hakan, suna tilasta masa ya furta laifukan sa a cikin barazanar azabtarwa da kuma janye ra'ayoyin sa a bainar jama'a, wanda yake yin haka don a canza hukuncin daurin rai da rai zuwa gidan yari.
Dangane da al'ada, lokacin da aka tilasta masa yarda a bainar jama'a cewa ƙasa ba ta motsawa (tunda ita ce cibiyar sararin samaniya bisa ka'idodin Aristotelian), Galileo ya kara da cewa "Ci gaba da tafiya” (Duk da haka, yana motsawa) a matsayin babbar hanya don tabbatar da ra'ayoyin ku na kimiyya ta fuskar takunkumin coci.
A ƙarshe zai mutu a Arcetri yana ɗan shekara 77, almajiransa sun kewaye shi kuma ya makance gaba ɗaya.
Misalan gudummawar da Galileo Galilei ya bayar
- Kammala telescope. Duk da cewa ba a ƙirƙira shi da kyau ba, tunda a cikin 1609 Galileo da kansa ya sami labarin bayyanar wani kayan tarihi wanda ya ba mu damar ganin abubuwa a nesa mai nisa, yana da kyau a faɗi cewa Galileo ya ba da gudummawa sosai wajen kera telescopes kamar yadda muka san su. A shekara ta 1610 masanin kimiyyar da kansa ya yarda ya gina fiye da iri 60, wanda ba duk yayi aiki da kyau ba kuma, a wani lokaci, ya fallasa shi ga abin kunya a gaban hukuma. Koyaya, nasu shine farkon waɗanda suka sami madaidaicin hoton abin da aka lura, godiya ga amfani da tabarau daban -daban a cikin idon ido.
- Gano dokar isochrony na pendulums. Ana kiran ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin ƙa'idar aiki, don haka yana da kyau a ce Galileo ya gano su kamar yadda muka fahimce su a yau. Ya tsara ƙa'idar da ke nuna cewa karkacewar tsayin tsararren tsayin da aka bayar ya kasance mai dogaro da mafi girman tazarar da take motsawa daga ma'aunin ma'auni. Wannan ƙa'idar ita ce ta isochronism, kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin yin amfani da ita a karon farko a cikin hanyoyin agogo.
- Gina thermoscope na farko a tarihi. Galileo ya ƙirƙira shi a cikin 1592, wannan nau'in ma'aunin ma'aunin zafi ba daidai ba ya ba da damar rarrabe hawan sama da faduwar zafin jiki, kodayake bai ba da damar auna su ko ba da shawarar kowane nau'in ma'aunin ma'auni ba. Duk da haka, babban ci gaba ne na lokacin, kuma tushen kowane fasaha na auna zafin jiki. A yau an kiyaye su, amma azaman abubuwan ado.
- Sanya dokar motsi mai saurin daidaitawa. Har yanzu an san shi da wannan sunan zuwa wani nau'in motsi wanda jiki ke fuskanta, saurin sa yana ƙaruwa akan lokaci a lokaci -lokaci kuma a cikin adadi na yau da kullun. Galileo ya isa wannan binciken ta hanyar jerin ka'idojin lissafi da hasashe kuma, an ce, lura da faduwar dutse, wanda saurin sa ke ƙaruwa akai -akai cikin lokaci.
- Ya kare kuma ya tabbatar da ka'idodin Copernican akan na Aristotelian. Wannan yana nufin takamaiman hangen nesa wanda Aristotle ya gabatar shekaru ɗari uku kafin Almasihu, wanda kuma Cocin Katolika ya karɓe shi bisa ƙa'ida, kamar yadda ya dace da ka'idodin halittar sa. A gefe guda, Galileo ya kare rubutun Nicolás Copernicus, wanda tsakiyar duniya ba zai iya zama ƙasa ba, inda taurari ke jujjuyawa, amma rana: rubutun heliocentric. Wannan kariyar ta gwaje -gwaje iri -iri kamar lura da wata, raƙuman ruwa, sauran abubuwan al'ajabi na sararin samaniya da haihuwar sabbin taurari (nova), za su sami zaluncin Galileo da sojojin Cocin da abokan kimiyyar kishiyoyin sa da yawa.
- Tabbatar da wanzuwar duwatsu akan wata. Wannan tabbaci, kazalika da sauran waɗanda ke nuna sha'awarsa kan ilimin taurari, daga baya, ba shakka, bayan yin na'urar hangen nesa, na'urar da ta kawo sauyi a rayuwar Italiyanci. Kallon tsaunukan wata ya sabawa ka'idodin Aristotel na kamalar sararin sama, bisa ga abin da wata ya kasance mai santsi kuma ba ya canzawa. Wannan duk da cewa bai iya lissafin girman sa daidai ba, ganin rashin yiwuwar sanin tazara tsakanin ƙasa da wata a wancan lokacin.
- Gano tauraron dan adam na Jupiter. Wataƙila sanannen sanannen Galileo, har ya kai ga an san watan Jupiter a yau a matsayin "taurarin taurarin Galili": Io, Europa, Callisto, Ganymede. Wannan lura ya kasance mai kawo sauyi, tunda tabbatar da cewa waɗannan watanni huɗu da suka zagaya a wata duniyar sun nuna cewa ba duk taurarin sama suke zagaya duniya ba, kuma wannan ya tabbatar da ƙaryar ƙirar ƙirar ƙasa wanda Galileo ya faɗa.
- Yi nazarin hasken rana. Wannan binciken ya kuma ba da damar karyata zatin kamalar sama, duk da cewa masana kimiyya na lokacin sun danganta su da inuwar wasu planetoids tsakanin rana da kasa. Nunin waɗannan wuraren sun ba mu damar tunanin jujjuyawar Rana, sabili da haka ma na Duniya. Duba jujjuyawar Duniya shine don ɓata tunanin cewa Rana tana zagaya ta.
- Bincika yanayin Milky Way. Galileo yana lura da wasu taurarin da yawa a cikin galaxy ɗin mu, a cikin kewayon na'urar hangen nesa. Kula da novae (sabbin taurari), tabbatar da cewa taurari da yawa da ake iya gani a sararin samaniya sune gungu daga cikinsu, ko kuma hango zoben Saturn a karon farko.
- Gano matakan Venus. Wannan sauran binciken, a cikin 1610, ya ƙarfafa bangaskiyar Galileo a cikin tsarin Copernican, tun da za a iya auna girman Venus kuma a bayyana shi gwargwadon yadda yake tafiya a rana, wanda ba shi da ma'ana bisa tsarin Ptolemaic da Jesuits ya kare., A cikin wanda dukkan taurarin suka zagaya Duniya. Da yake fuskantar waɗannan shaidun da ba za a iya musantawa ba, da yawa daga cikin abokan hamayyarsa sun fakewa cikin hasashen Tycho Brahe, inda Rana da Wata suka zagaye Duniya da sauran duniyoyin da ke kewaye da Rana.
