Wadatacce
An san shi da Kwatanci zuwa ga motsi na ilimi da al'adu da aka haifa a Turai a tsakiyar ƙarni na goma sha bakwai, galibi a Faransa, Jamus da Ingila, wanda a wasu lokuta ya kasance har zuwa ƙarni na goma sha tara.
Sunansa ya fito ne daga bangaskiyarsa cikin tunani da ci gaba a matsayin ƙarfin hasken rayuwar ɗan adam. A saboda wannan dalili, karni na 18, wanda yake da fure na gaske, an san shi da "Zamanin Haske".
Bayanan farko na Haskakawa sun yi nuni da cewa tunanin mutum yana da ikon yaƙi da duhun jahilci, camfi da zalunci, don gina duniya mafi kyawu. Wannan ruhun ya yi tasiri a kan siyasar Turai, kimiyya, tattalin arziki, zane -zane da zamantakewar lokacin, yana tafiya tsakanin bourgeoisie da aristocracy.
The Juyin Juya Halin FaransaA cikin wannan ma'anar, zai wakilci wata alama ce mai matsala sosai na wannan sabuwar hanyar tunani, tunda lokacin da suka kawar da sarautar sarauta suma sun yi hakan daga tsarin ƙiyayya, wanda Addini da Coci suka taka muhimmiyar rawa.
Ra'ayoyin Fadakarwa
Za'a iya taƙaita ra'ayoyin halayyar wannan motsi kamar haka:
- Anthropocentrism. Kamar yadda ake sake haihuwa, hankalin duniya yana kan mutum ne ba don Allah ba. Ana la'akari da ɗan adam, tunani da tunani, a matsayin mai tsara ƙaddararsa, wanda ke fassara zuwa tsarin duniya, wanda mutum zai iya koyan abin da ya wajaba don rayuwa mafi kyau. Ta haka ne aka haife ra'ayin ci gaba.
- Rationalism. Ana fahimtar komai ta hanyar tace dalilin ɗan adam da gogewar duniyar mai hankali, jujjuya camfe -camfe, bangaskiyar addini da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi tunanin mutum zuwa ga duhu da abin ban tsoro. Al'adar hankali ba ta da kyau a kan rashin daidaituwa, asymmetrical ko rashin daidaituwa.
- Rikici. Fadakarwa ta gudanar da bita da sake fasalta abubuwan da suka gabata, wanda ya haifar da wani sauyi na siyasa da zamantakewa, wanda zai haifar da sha'awar neman utopias na siyasa. A cikin wannan mahallin, ayyukan Rousseau da Montesquieu za su kasance mabuƙata aƙalla ƙirar ka'idojin ƙungiyoyin da ke da daidaituwa da 'yan uwan juna.
- Pragmatism. An ɗora wani ma'aunin amfani da hankali akan tunani, wanda abin da ke biyayya ga aikin canji na al'umma yana da gata. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa wasu nau'ikan adabi irin su labari suka shiga cikin rikici kuma rubutun, koyan litattafai da satires, comedies ko encyclopedias an sanya su.
- Kwaikwayo. Bangaskiya cikin tunani da bincike sau da yawa yana kai mu ga yin tunanin asali a matsayin lahani (musamman a cikin neoclassicism na Faransanci, wanda ke da ƙuntatawa sosai) da yin tunanin cewa ana iya samun ayyukan fasaha ta hanyar keɓewa da sake maimaita girke -girke. A cikin wannan panorama mai ban sha'awa, ɗanɗano mai kyau yana sarauta kuma mummuna, an ƙi ƙyamar ko ajizi.
- Manufa. Wani alfarma a cikin wannan tsarin tunani yana ƙin ƙazantattun mutane, a matsayin mafaka daga camfe -camfe, dawo da ɗabi'a da halaye marasa dacewa. A cikin al'amuran yare, magana ta al'ada alfarma ce, ana bin purism kuma a cikin al'amuran fasaha "batutuwan" batutuwa kamar kisan kai ko aikata laifi an ƙi su.
- Universalism. A kan ƙimar ƙasa da ta gargajiya waɗanda daga baya Romanticism ya ɗaukaka, Hasken Haske ya ayyana kansa a sarari kuma ya ɗauki wani alaƙar alaƙa. Ana maraba da littattafan tafiye -tafiye, da m a matsayin tushen ɗan adam da na duniya. Don haka al'adar Girka da Rumawa ita ma an dora ta, ana la’akari da ita a matsayin “mafi gama-gari” na wadanda ake da su.
Muhimmancin Fadakarwa
Hasken haske motsi ne mai ƙima a cikin tarihin tunanin Yammacin Turai, tun ya karya ka'idodin gargajiya da aka ƙirƙira a lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, ta haka ne ke kawar da addini, masarautar fudiyya da Imani don dalilan kimiyya, dimokuradiyya bourgeois da secularism da secularization (iko ya wuce zuwa yanayin farar hula).
Har zuwa wannan, ya aza harsashin ginin duniya na zamani da kuma fitowar Zamani. Kimiyya a matsayin zance mai mulkin duniya, gami da tarin ilimi, sun zama muhimman dabi'u, kamar yadda bayyanar ta Encyclopedia, ci gaban kwatsam cikin al'amuran kimiyyar lissafi, kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta, ko lissafi, ko bayyanar a cikin Fine Arts na Greco-Roman Neoclassicism.
Abin ban mamaki, waɗannan tushe sun haifar da bayyanar German Romanticism daga baya, wanda ya yi tsayayya da motsin zuciyar mawaƙi zuwa ga tsarin masu hankali a matsayin babban ƙimar ɗan adam da fasaha.
Abu na biyu, The Enlightenment ya ga tashin bourgeoisie a matsayin sabon rukunin zamantakewa na yau da kullun, wanda za a ba da fifiko a cikin ƙarni na gaba, yana mai da aristocracy zuwa matsayi na biyu.. Godiya ga wannan, ya fara magana game da tsarin mulki da Liberalism, kuma daga baya Yarjejeniyar zamantakewa (a cikin fi'ilin Jean Jacques Rousseau), Utopian Socialism, da tattalin arziƙin siyasa, daga hannun Adam Smith kuma rubutunsa zai fito. Arzikin Al'umma (1776).
Taswirar duniya ta zama muhimmiyar maƙasudi, tunda duniyar duhu da ɓoye na addinin ƙarni na farko ya zama sananne da duniyar tunani ta hankali. Bugu da kari, yunƙurin farko na tsabtace muhalli da haɓaka kiwon lafiya ya kasance saboda tunani mai haske a matsayin jawabi mai muhimmancin zamantakewa.
