Wadatacce
The Juyin Juya Halin Mexico Rikicin makamai ne wanda ya fara a 1910 kuma ya ƙare a 1920, wanda ke wakiltar mafi mahimmancin taron zamantakewa da siyasa na ƙarni na 20 na Mexico. Ya kasance jerin tashe tashen hankula kan gwamnatocin da suka biyo baya a ƙarƙashin mulkin kama -karya na Porfirio Díaz, wanda ya kasance har zuwa shekaru na biyu ko na uku na ƙarni, lokacin da aka ba da sanarwar Tsarin Mulkin Mexico.
A lokacin rikicin, sojojin da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin kama -karya ta Porfirio Diaz, wanda ya yi mulkin kasar tun 1876, kan 'yan tawayen da ke karkashin jagorancin Francisco I. Madero, wanda ya ga yuwuwar fara motsi don dawo da Jamhuriyar. Sun yi nasara a cikin 1910, ta hanyar Shirin San Luis, inda suka ci gaba daga arewacin Mexico daga San Antonio (Texas).
A cikin 1911, an gudanar da zaɓuɓɓuka kuma An zabi Madero a matsayin shugaban kasa. Amma rashin jituwarsa da wasu shugabannin juyin -juya hali, kamar Pascual Orozco da Emiliano Zapata, ya haifar da tayar da kayar baya ga tsoffin abokansa. Wasu gungun sojoji da aka sani a yau da suna "Bala'in Goma", wanda Félix Díaz, Bernardo Reyes da Victoriano Huerta ke jagoranta, sun yi amfani da damar kuma suka kashe shugaban, ɗan'uwansa da mataimakin shugaban ƙasa. Don haka, Huerta ya ɗauki nauyin ƙasar.
Ba a dauki lokaci mai tsawo ba shugabannin juyin juya hali sun mayar da martani kamar Venustiano Carranza ko Francisco “Pancho” Villa, wanda ya yi yaƙi da gwamnati ta zahiri har Huerta ya yi murabus a cikin 1912, bayan mamayar Veracruz ta Arewacin Amurka. Bayan haka, nesa da samun zaman lafiya, rikice -rikice ya fara tsakanin ɓangarori daban -daban waɗanda suka kawar da Huerta, don haka Carranza ta kira Yarjejeniyar Aguascalientes don kiran shugaba guda ɗaya, wanda shine Eulalio Gutiérrez, wanda aka nada shugaban ƙasa. Koyaya, Carranza da kansa zai yi watsi da yarjejeniyar kuma tashin hankali zai sake farawa.
A ƙarshe, an ɗauki matakan farko don aiwatar da a sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar a shekarar 1917 kuma kawo Carranza kan mulki. Amma gwagwarmayar cikin gida za ta ɗauki wasu 'yan shekaru, lokacin da za a kashe waɗannan shugabanni: Zapata a 1919, Carranza a 1920, Villa a 1923, da Obregón a 1928.
Amma a cikin 1920 Adolfo de la Huerta ya karɓi aikin, kuma a cikin 1924 Plutarco Elías Calles, yana ba da damar zuwa tarihin dimokiradiyya na ƙasar da kawo ƙarshen Juyin Juya Halin Mexico.
Sanadin Juyin Juya Halin Mexico
- Rikicin Porphyry. Kanal Porfirio Díaz ya riga ya yi mulkin Mexico a cikin shekaru 34 na mulkin kama -karya, a lokacin da aka ƙirƙira faɗaɗa tattalin arziƙin saboda ƙarancin ƙarancin azuzuwan masu kuɗi. Wannan ya haifar da rikicin zamantakewa, siyasa, tattalin arziki da al'adu, wanda ya rura wutar abokan hamayyarsa tare da lalata martabar gwamnatinsa. Lokacin da Díaz da kansa ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai yi ritaya daga mulki a karshen wa'adin mulkinsa, bangarorin da abin ya shafa sun ji cewa damarsu ta zo ne don tilasta canji a kasar.
- Halin ban tausayi na filin. A cikin ƙasa mai yawan jama'a 80% na ƙauyuka, ƙa'idodin zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙi da ayyuka sune na manyan masu ƙasa da masu mallakar ƙasa. Manoma da al'umman asali sun rayu cikin talauci da bashin rayuwa, sun hana ƙasashe na jama'a kuma a cikin irin wannan mawuyacin halin rayuwa wanda ɗan jaridar Amurka J. K. Turner a cikin littafinsa Barbarian Mexico A shekara ta 1909 ya sami damar hango tashin gaba na waɗanda aka zalunta.
- Rashin mutunci na Darwiniyanci mai rinjaye. Tunanin masu ra'ayin ɗabi'a yana tunanin cewa azuzuwan masu mulki sun shiga cikin rikicin zuwa farkon ƙarni, yayin da manyan mestizo suka buƙaci shiga cikin yanke shawara na al'umma. An daina ganin fitattun rukunin da ake kira "Masana kimiyya" a matsayin su kaɗai waɗanda ke da ikon yin amfani da ƙarfi. Waɗannan sun wakilci guntun mai ɗaukar hoto.
- Kokarin sake zaben Madero. Yawon shakatawa daban-daban (uku) da Madero ya yi don yaɗa ƙiyayya ta Porfirian a cikin ƙasar ya yi nasara har aka zarge shi da tayar da tawaye kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku. Daga nan za a sake shi da beli, amma ba tare da 'yancin barin ƙasar ko shiga zaɓen ba, inda aka sake zaɓen Kanal Porfirio Díaz, ba tare da alƙawarinsa ba.
- Rikicin 1907. Rikicin da ke faruwa a Turai da Amurka ya haifar da raguwar darajar masana'antun da shigo da kayayyaki daga waje, wanda hakan ya haifar da rashin aikin yi wanda ya kara jaddada rashin lafiyar mutanen Mexico.
Sakamakon Juyin Juya Halin Mexico
- Mutane miliyan 3.4 ne abin ya shafa. Babu takamaiman adadi na adadin wadanda suka mutu a lokacin rikicin, amma an kiyasta tsakanin mutane miliyan daya zuwa miliyan biyu. Idan aka ƙidaya ƙaura zuwa wasu ƙasashe, yunwa, raguwar yawan haihuwa da cutar sankarau ta Spain da ta sake barkewa a 1918, an kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 3.4 sun ga rayuwarsu ta taɓa rayuwa har abada a wannan lokacin tarihin Mexico.
- Haihuwar ma'aikaci. Godiya ga manyan canje -canjen zamantakewa da siyasa na Juyin Juya Hali, azuzuwan marasa galihu sun shiga Jiha don mamaye ayyukan gwamnati da ayyukan gudanarwa. Sojojin, wadanda suka jajirce kan Juyin Juya Halin, sun kuma bude tsarin sa tare da daukar ma'aikata daga matsakaitan da ƙananan makarantu, suna ƙaruwa da kashi 50 ko 60% a lokacin gwamnatin Calles. Wannan yana nufin babban canji a cikin rabon dukiya a ƙasar.
- Hijirar birni. Rashin gudu da tashin hankali a karkara, tun lokacin da juyin juya hali ya kasance yana da yawan mazauna karkara, kaso mai yawa na manoma sun yi ƙaura zuwa garuruwa, ta haka suna haɓaka matsayin rayuwa a cikin biranen amma yana haifar da rashin daidaiton zamantakewa a cikinsu.
- Gyaran aikin gona. Ofaya daga cikin mahimman canje -canjen juyin juya halin, ya ba da damar manoma su mallaki ƙasa kuma ya ƙirƙiri sabon aji na ejidatarios. Wannan, duk da haka, bai inganta ingancin rayuwarsu ba kuma har yanzu da yawa sun gwammace yin ƙaura zuwa gonakin da ake zaluntar su da cin zarafin su, amma an fi biyan su. Wasu da yawa sun yi hijira zuwa Amurka.
- Tasirin fasaha da adabi. Mawallafa da yawa na Mexico sun nuna a cikin ayyukansu abin da ya faru tsakanin 1910 zuwa 1917, ba tare da sani ba suna ƙirƙirar tsoka mai ƙyalli da fasaha wanda daga baya zai ba da amfani a al'adun ƙasarsu. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan marubutan sune Mariano Azuela (kuma musamman littafin sa Wadanda ke ƙasa 1916), José Vasconcelos, Rafael M. Muñoz, José Rubén Romero, Martín Luis Guzmán da sauransu. Don haka, daga 1928 zuwa gaba, za a haifi nau'in "Novel Revolutionary". Wani abu makamancin haka ya faru tare da sinima da daukar hoto, wanda masu bautar gumaka suka nuna shekarun rikici.
- Tashi na corridos da "adelitas". A lokacin juyin juya hali, corrido, kiɗa da mashahurin magana da aka gada daga tsohuwar soyayya ta Mutanen Espanya, ta sami ƙarfi sosai, inda aka ba da labarin almara da juyin juya hali, ko kuma rayuwar mashahuran shugabanni irin su Pancho Villa ko Emiliano Zapata. Daga gare su kuma an haifi adadi na "adelita" ko soldadera, matar da aka sadaukar a fagen fama, shaidar muhimmiyar shigar mata a ɓangarorin biyu na rikicin.
- Ganin soja na mata. Mata da yawa sun shiga cikin yaƙin, sun kai matsayin kanal, laftanar ko kyaftin, kuma sun bar muhimmiyar alama kan yadda mata suke tunani a lokacin. Daga cikinsu ana iya kiran su Margarita Neri, Rosa Bobadilla, Juana Ramona de Flores ko María de Jesús de la Rosa “coronela”.
