Wadatacce
The Matsayin inganci dokoki ne, jagorori ko halaye waɗanda a samfurin ko sabis (ko sakamakonsa) don tabbatar da ingancin sa.
The ingancin samfur ko sabis An ayyana shi azaman haɗin duka injiniyanci da halayen masana'antu waɗanda ke ƙayyade matakin gamsuwa da wannan samfur ko sabis ke bayarwa ga mabukaci. Ko da yake ga wasu marubuta ingancin sakamako ne na mu'amala tsakanin fannoni na zahiri da na haƙiƙa, ƙa'idodin ƙima suna ma'amala da haƙiƙa.
Halayen samfurin da ake buƙata ta ƙa'idodin inganci na iya bambanta ƙwarai: buƙatun jiki ko sinadarai, wani girman, matsa lamba ko zafin jiki, da dai sauransu. Hakanan ana ba da inganci ta haɗuwa da ƙarin halaye na tunani, kamar abin dogaro, dorewa, taimako, tasiri, da sauransu.
The Matsayin inganci Suna iya nufin fannoni daban-daban na inganci: ƙira, daidaituwa (tsakanin abin da aka ƙera da abin da aka samar), a cikin amfani, a cikin sabis na tallace-tallace.
Duba kuma: Misalan Ka'idodi(yawanci)
manufofin
Manufofin ma'aunin inganci sune:
- Ƙayyade mafi ƙarancin halaye na abu: Misali, don a ɗauki wayar salula a matsayin Smartphone dole ne ta cika wasu halaye.
- Haɗa samfura, tare da matakai da bayanan da ke da alaƙa da shi: Rarraba samfura yana sauƙaƙe kasuwancin su.
- Inganta aminci: Yawancin ƙa'idodin inganci suna nufin aminci a cikin amfani da samfura
- Kare buƙatun mabukaci: Dokar ta ƙa'idodi tana ba da tabbacin cewa samfuran da mai siye suka saya za su amsa buƙatun su
- Ƙananan farashi: Ƙayyade ƙa'idodin samarwa yana rage farashin.
Amfani da Amfanoni
The Matsayin inganci Ana iya amfani da su a fannoni daban -daban: kayan (don kera wasu samfuran), samfura, injina, nau'ikan gudanarwa daban -daban (muhalli, haɗarin aiki, tsaro, dubawa), ayyuka da matakai.
The Amfanin daga cikin ƙa'idodin inganci a cikin alaƙa tsakanin kamfanoni da abokan ciniki sune:
- An ƙirƙiri al'ada mai inganci a cikin kamfanin.
- Ƙara amincewar abokin ciniki.
- Yana haɓaka hoton kamfani ba kawai a cikin kasuwar gida ba har ma a kasuwannin duniya, tunda babban ɓangaren ma'aunan ingancin suna amsa sigogi na duniya.
Akwai cibiyoyi daban -daban na ƙasa ko na ƙasa waɗanda ke kafa ƙa'idodin inganci kuma suna sarrafa bin su. Wasu misalai sune:
- Kwamitin Turai don Daidaitawa (CEN, yanki)
- Kwamitin Tarayyar Turai don Ƙayyadaddun Lantarki (CENELEC, yanki)
- Cibiyar Argentine don Rationalization of Materials (IRAM, na ƙasa)
- Kwamitin daidaita AENOR: na ƙasa, Spain, amma ya haɓaka ƙa'idodin UNE waɗanda ke da ingancin yanki
- Ka'idodin Lantarki na Ƙasa (IES, ma'aunin ƙasa don kayan lantarki)
- Society of American Engineer: SAE, National, Construction and Engineering Associated Products
- Cibiyar Karfe da Karfe ta Amurka: AISI, Ƙasa, Samfuran Karfe
- Gudanar da Abinci da Magunguna: FDA, na ƙasa (Amurka), tsarin abinci da magunguna.
- International Organization for Standardization: ISO, na ƙasa da ƙasa, ya shafi kowane aiki da ke da alaƙa da samarwa kaya ko ayyuka. Ganin yawan aikace -aikacen su, ƙa'idodin ISO sune mafi sani.
Misalan Ka'idodin Ingantattu
A cikin jerin masu zuwa muna fallasa su menene ma'aunin inganci ana amfani da su a fannoni daban -daban kuma menene manufofin da suke bi:
- Farashin 4502: ana amfani da shi a fagen zane na fasaha. Ƙayyade nau'ikan layin daban -daban la'akari da kauri, rabo, wakilci da aikace -aikace.
- IRAM 4504 (zanen fasaha): yana ƙayyade tsarukan, abubuwan hoto da nadawa takardar.
- IRAM 10005: Aiwatar da launuka da alamun aminci. Ƙayyade launuka, alamomi, da alamun aminci.
- Farashin 11603: Ana amfani da yanayin ɗumbin gine -gine, la'akari da abubuwan muhalli.
- Farashin 9001: ya shafi Tsarin Gudanar da Inganci. Kamfanin da ya cika wannan ƙa'idar yana nuna cewa ya cika sharuddan da suka wajaba don samun gamsar da abokin ciniki.
- Tsarin ISO 16949 (wanda kuma ake kira ISO / TS 16949): yana da alaƙa da ma'aunin ISO 9001 kamar yadda yake ƙayyade takamaiman buƙatun don samarwa a masana'antar kera motoci.
- ISO 9000.
- Tsarin ISO 9004- Yana amfani da inganci (cimma buri) da inganci (cimma buri ta amfani da mafi ƙarancin adadin albarkatu) a cikin sarrafa inganci.
- ISO 14000: ya shafi tasirin ayyukan kamfanin akan muhalli.
- Tsarin ISO 14001: yana daidaita tsarin sarrafa muhalli. Yana tabbatar da yarda da dokokin gida da ke da alaƙa da kula da muhalli.
- Tsarin ISO 14004.
- ISO 17001: yana nufin daidaiton samfura da ayyuka duka, wato dacewarsu. Wannan ƙa'idar tana nuna mafi ƙarancin buƙatun kowane samfur ko sabis.
- Tsarin ISO 18000: suna nufin ƙa'idodin lafiya da aminci a wurin aiki.
- Tsarin ISO 18001: yana daidaita Tsarin Gudanar da Lafiya da Tsaro. Tare da ƙa'idodin ISO 9001 da ISO 14001 suna ƙirƙirar tsarin gudanarwa mai ƙarfi.
- ISO 18002: jagora kan aiwatar da Tsarin Kula da Lafiya da Tsaro.
- ISO 18003 (wanda kuma aka sani da OHSAS 18003): yana kafa ƙa'idodin da ake buƙata don haɗawa a cikin binciken cikin gida akan Tsarin Gudanar da Tsaro da Gaisuwar Aiki.
- ISO 19011: Ya shafi binciken cikin gida ba wai kawai yana da inganci ba amma har da tasirin samarwa akan muhalli.
- ISO 22000: yana daidaita Tsarin Gudanar da Abinci, wato yana ba da tabbacin cewa abinci ya dace da amfanin ɗan adam. Ba ya nufin halaye na ɗanɗano ko kamanni amma ga rashin laifi, wato rashin haɗari a cikin amfani da shi.
- ISO 26000: yana jagorantar ƙira, aiwatarwa, haɓakawa da haɓaka tsarin alhakin zamantakewa.
- ISO 27001: ana amfani da shi don Tsarin Gudanar da Tsaro na Bayanai, duka don gujewa haɗari da haɓaka matakai.
- ISO 28000- Aiwatar da sarrafa sarkar sarrafawa.
- ISO 31000: yana jagorantar haɓaka tsarin sarrafa haɗari, la'akari da buƙatun sassa daban -daban.
- Tsarin ISO 170001: sune ma'aunin da ke ba da tabbacin isa ga duniya. Gine -gine da sufuri waɗanda ke bin wannan ƙa'idar suna sauƙaƙa samun dama da motsi na mutane a keken guragu, ko makafi, da dai sauransu.
- UNE 166000: ya shafi gudanarwar R&D & i (acronym na bincike, ci gaba da bidi'a). Yana kafa ma'anoni da kalmomin da sauran UNEs ke amfani da su. (An soke UNE 166003, 166004, 166005 da 166007)
- UNE 166001: yana ƙayyade buƙatun ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da R + D + i
- UNE 166002: yana nufin tsarin gudanarwa na R&D & i
- UNE 166006: yana ba da bayyananniyar buƙatun sa ido na fasaha da tsarin leken asirin gasa
- UNE 166008: yana ƙayyade abubuwan da ake buƙata don hanyoyin canja wurin fasaha.
