Symbiosis

Wadatacce

• Nau'ikan alaƙar alaƙa
• Misalai na symbiosis
• Mutualism
• Amincewa
• Parasitism

The symbiosis Dangantaka ce ta kusanci tare tsakanin rayayyun halittu daban -daban (wanda yanzu ake kira symbiotes), domin samun wani fa'ida daga wannan ƙungiyar. Misali ƙudan zuma da tsirrai.

Wannan dangantaka tana nufin fa'idodi ga ɗaya ko duka masu rai, kasancewa a wasu lokuta ya zama ba makawa ga rayuwa, amma duk da haka, a wasu lokuta, na cutar da wasu halittun da abin ya shafa. (Misali Sauro da Dan Adam).

A kowane hali, symbiosis muhimmin haɓaka haɓaka juyin halitta ne: yana ba mu damar nemo hanyoyin rayuwa mafi dacewa ga rayayyun halittu waɗanda a ƙarshe na iya canza halayen nau'in.

The alaƙar symbiotic an lura da su cikin yanayi na dogon lokaci, kodayake an fara kirkirar kalmar a ciki 1879 Heinrich Anton de Bary, masanin ilimin tsirrai na Jamus, majagaba a cikin binciken namomin kaza da algae.

Nau'ikan alaƙar alaƙa

Akwai rarrabuwa da yawa don alaƙar symbiotic, gwargwadon ƙa'idodi daban -daban.

• Dangane da wurin jiki: Dangane da wurin zahiri wanda halittun da ke ciki ke rabawa. A cikin ectosymbiosis, ɗayan halittu yana rayuwa a jikin ɗayan, ko dai a cikin gashin su, fatarsu ko ma farkon hanyar narkar da abinci. A cikin endosymbiosis, mai watsa shiri yana cikin jikin mai masaukin, a cikin gabobin sa ko sel.
• Dangane da tsawon dangantakar: za mu iya yin magana game da alamomin na ɗan lokaci ko na dindindin. Waɗannan na ƙarshe suna dawwama saboda sun zama ba makawa ga rayuwa.
• Dangane da watsa mai watsa shiri tsakanin rundunonin: zamu iya magana akan symbiosis na mikewa tsaye, lokacin da sabbin tsararraki suka gaji dangantaka daga iyayensu; ko daga a kwance watsawa lokacin da suka samo shi daga muhalli.
• Dangane da karbuwar mai gida a cikin alakar: za mu iya rarrabe nau'ikan alamomi guda uku: haɗin kai, godiya ga abin da duka nau'ikan ke amfana; commensalism, wanda nau'in jinsi ɗaya ke amfana da shi ba tare da ya haifar da wani fa'ida ko cutar da ɗayan ba; da parasitism, wanda kasancewar mai watsawa yana haifar da lalacewar mai watsa shiri.

Misalai na symbiosis

Mutualism

1. The ƙudan zuma ko hummingbirds da kuma shuke -shuke, A bisa al'ada, sun kulla alaƙar da kwari ko tsuntsu ke cin ɗanɗano mai daɗi na furanni, amma a cikin tafiyarsu daga juna zuwa ga juna su ma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin wakilan ɗimbin furanni.
2. The lasisi, ƙungiyar naman gwari da alga (ko cyanobacteria) suna gina haɗin gwiwa da sabon tsarin ilimin halittu, mafi tsayayya fiye da nau'ikan su daban kuma yana basu damar mamaye manyan yankuna.
3. The kaguwa gaskiya da tabbaci anemones na teku, waɗanda ke ƙirƙirar ƙungiya ta godiya wanda tsohon ke kare shi ta tsaunukan tsaunin anemone, kuma yana jin daɗin motsi na kaguwa don samun wadataccen abinci.
4. Wasu prawns kuma crustaceans Suna ciyar da ectoparasites a cikin sikeli da fatar kifin, suna aiwatar da aikin tsaftacewa a madadin abinci.
5. The anemones na teku da kuma kamun kifi, suna zama tare, yana barin kifin ya kare kansa daga masu farauta godiya ga tantin anemone, wanda baya cutar da shi, kuma a lokaci guda yana kare yankinsa daga wasu nau'in da zasu iya cin anemone.

Duba ƙarin a:Misalan Mutualism

Amincewa

1. The masu cirewa bi sharks da za a yi safara. Haka ma wasu mites a kan kwari na hymenoptera da aka ba su jirgin.
2. The ungulu da sauran masu sakarci irin su kuraye suna yawan zama tare da manyan dabbobi kamar manyan kuliyoyin Afirka, suna cin abincin da ya rage daga farautarsu.
3. The Tsutsotsin ƙasa da nau'ikan shuke -shuke iri -iri, tunda na farko a cikin ƙaurarsu suna ƙirƙirar tashoshin ban ruwa waɗanda ke amfana da shafan tushen.
4. The hermit crabsTa hanyar daidaita kwandon banza na katantanwa, suna amfana da mataccen dabba wanda a bayyane ba zai yiwu a cutar da shi ba kuma.
5. The tsuntsaye da kwari masu gina gidajensu (gida -gida, kudan zuma) a cikin rassan bishiyoyin, suna yin kama da na’urorin haɗi, suna cin moriyar itaciyar ba tare da cutar da ita ba.

Duba ƙarin a: Misalai na Commensalism

Parasitism

1. The sauro da sauran kwari masu shan jini, kamar kwaroron gado, suna rayuwa ta hanyar zubar da jini daga wasu dabbobin kuma galibi suna watsa musu cututtuka ta hanyar yin hakan.
2. Dabbobi daban -daban na naman gwari gudanar da rayuwar parasitic, girma akan jikin kifaye, tsuntsaye ko dabbobi masu shayarwa (gami da mutane) da haifar da lalacewar fata ko ma yanayi mafi muni, kamar yisti candida albicans.
3. Dabbobi daban -daban na parasites na hanji: nematodes, protozoa da kwayoyin cuta wadanda ke mamaye hanjin halittu masu rai kuma su hayayyafa a can, suna cin gajiyar jikinsu tare da hana tsarin narkewar su.
4. Wasu nau'ikan tsuntsu Suna lalata gurbi na wasu nau'in, suna barin ƙwai don a ɗaga su kamar suna cikin ɓarna.
5. Wasu kwari kamar wasps na dangin Braconidae ko ma na tashi na kowa (Muscidae), suna saka ƙwai a ciki ko a kan fata na wasu rayayyun halittu, kuma lokacin da tsutsotsin su suka yi kyankyasar suna aiki kamar parasitoids, suna ciyar da jikin mahaifa yayin da suke girma.

Duba ƙarin a: Misalan parasitism