Homeostasis

Wadatacce

• Misalan homeostasis

The homeostasis Ikon rayayyun halittu ne su kula da kwanciyar hankalin jikinsu, dangane da zafin jiki da pH (daidaituwa tsakanin acidity da alkalinity), ta hanyar musayar al'amari da kuzari tare da muhalli.

Wannan yana faruwa saboda godiya ga tsarin sarrafa kai na rayuwa daban-daban wanda ke kula da daidaitaccen daidaituwa da ake buƙata don kiyaye rayuwa.

Don haka, fuskantar bayyanar canje -canje a cikin yanayin muhallin su, da rayayyun halittu iya amsawa ta amfani da ɗaya daga cikin dabarun masu zuwa:

• Kashewa. Ya kunshi ragewa ko rage tasirin canjin muhallin da aka ce ta hanyar wasu hanyoyin tserewa, kamar canzawa daga mazaunin zuwa mafi dacewa ko ɗaukar siffofin da ke tsayayya da muhalli.
• Yarda. Ciki mai rai yana bambanta tare da muhalli, tunda ƙa'idar sa ba ta da inganci, don haka dole ne a hankali ya daidaita ko "daidaita" da sabbin yanayin.
• Dokar. Dangane da canjin muhalli, mai rai yana aiwatar da ayyuka na ramawa wanda ke sa cikin jikinsa cikin yanayi mai ɗorewa.

The hanyoyin homeostaticKoyaya, basa yin aiki gaba ɗaya gwargwadon waɗannan nau'ikan, saboda babu wani jiki da zai iya zama cikakken mai tsarawa ko mai daidaitawa. Mafi yawanci, cakuda dabarun guda uku zasu faru, ya danganta da bambancin yanayin muhalli da yanayin halittar.

Hakanan ana iya fahimtar ƙa'idar ma'aunin sinadarai na cikin gida ta hanyar hanyoyin fitar da abinci, ko kiyaye matakan glucose ta hanyar fitar da ruwa, ana iya fahimtar su azaman nau'in homeostasis. ɓoyayyen hormone da glycogenesis ko glycogenolysis (a lokuta da yawa ko ƙarancin, bi da bi).

Misalan homeostasis

1. Bayyana wa rana. Ya zama ruwan dare ganin dabbobi masu rarrafe, dabbobin da ba sa iya sarrafa yanayin zafin su na cikin gida (dabbobin jini masu sanyi), suna fallasa kansu ga rana don ƙara yawan zafin jikinsu da ƙarfafa kuzari.
2. Haihuwa. Bears da sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa suna guje wa tsananin tsananin hunturu (dusar ƙanƙara, ruwan sama, ƙarancin yanayin zafi, ƙaramin abinci) ta hanyar shiga cikin kogo ko ramuka daga tasirin abubuwan. A can suna rage jinkirin tsarin rayuwarsu kuma suna rayuwa tare da mafi ƙarancin yawan kuzarin makamashi, wanda keɓaɓɓun kayan aikin lipid da aka gina a baya.
3. Shiver. A fuskar raguwar kwatsam zazzabi muhalli, jikin sauran dabbobin gida suna ba da siginar jijiya ga tsokar su don haifar da girgiza wanda ke haifar da zafin tsoka kuma yana ba da damar magance sanyi kaɗan.
4. Dokar glucose. Kamar yadda muka fada a baya, ta fuskar raguwa ko yawaitar sukari a cikin jini, jikin ɗan adam yana kunna kayan aikin homon da aka ƙaddara don hanzarta haɗakar glucose (da samuwar ajiyar lipids) ko cire shi daga lipids ko, idan ya cancanta, na ƙwayoyin tsokar tsoka da sauran kyallen takarda, domin kula da matakan da suka dace. The gabobin jiki mai kula da wadannan ayyuka shine pancreas.
5. Kauce wa rana. A cikin yanayin matsanancin fitowar rana, kamar hamada ko a lokutan matsanancin zafin jiki, dabbobi masu rarrafe da dabbobi da dabbobi suna neman mafaka a ƙarƙashin ganyen da ya faɗi, duwatsu ko ma a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, suna bin sabobin waɗannan mahalli don kwantar da zafi mai yawa a jikinsu..
6. Vasodilation. Lokacin da muka shiga muhallin zafi sosai, jikin mu yana ba da umarnin faɗaɗa jijiyoyin jini, yana ƙara girman su wanda aka fallasa ga muhalli, don haka yana ba da damar asarar zafi mai yawa da sanyaya jini.
7. Vasoconstriction. Akasin vasodilation yana faruwa a cikin mawuyacin yanayin zafi, inda ake rufe jijiyoyin jini don rage yawan jinin da aka fallasa zuwa sanyi don haka yana kiyaye zafin jini gwargwadon iko.
8. Ciwon fata. Abin da ake kira "kumburin kuzari" wata hanya ce ta gidaostost, saboda yana sa gashin fatar ya tsaya a ƙarshe kuma yana rage yawan zafin da fata ke fitarwa. Tunanin juyin halitta ne wanda ya wanzu duk da asarar wani nau'in gashin da ya rufe kakanninmu.

1. Gumi. Ya ƙunshi ɓoyayyen abubuwa na ruwa a kan fata, ƙazantaccen abin da ke wartsakar da shi kuma yana ba da damar rage hauhawar zafin jiki na ciki.
2. Sarrafa ammoniya. Kodayake ammonia abu ne da ke da alaƙa da tsarin narkar da abinci, yana ba da isasshen nitrogen ga amino acid daban -daban da furotin, dole ne a kula da matakansa a jikin mutum ta hanta. Wannan sashin yana da ikon juyar da ammoniya mai yawa zuwa urea da fitar da shi ta hanyar fitsarin da aka ƙera a cikin kodan. In ba haka ba, haɓaka ammoniya zai haifar da lalacewar aikin jiki.
3. Harshen zufa a cikin karnuka. Hoton da aka saba da shi na kare tare da fitar da harshe ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa ita ce hanyar jinsi don musayar zafi da muhalli, tunda harshen kare yana ƙunshe da wadatar jini da yawa kuma yana ba da damar sanyaya lokacin da aka fitar da shi daga jiki.
4. Hanzarta numfashi. Lokacin da dabbobi masu shayarwa ke cikin yanayin ƙarancin iskar oxygen, ko lokacin da matakan iskar oxygen suka yi ƙasa don buƙatun salon salula (lokacin da muke motsa jiki, alal misali), amsa nan da nan ta taso wanda ke hanzarta numfashi don haɓaka ɓangaren iskar da aka hura. A lokaci guda, zuciya tana bugawa da sauri kuma hauhawar jini yana ƙaruwa, yana inganta ingantaccen iskar oxygen zuwa ga jiki.
5. Cell homeostasis. A cikin tsari na daidaita matsin lamba na sel (matsin lamba na osmotic), suna saki ko shafan abubuwan da ke kewaye ta hanyar zaɓin membranes na plasma, har sai sun sami matakan maida hankali da suka dace don kwanciyar hankali.
6. Dokar jinin pH. Matsakaicin metabolism na jikin mu yana haifar da yawan sharar gida acid wanda ya keta matakin da ya dace acidity na jini, wanda iyakokinsa masu jituwa da rayuwa ke tsakanin 7.0 zuwa 7.7, don haka dole ne a jefar da su da wuri ta hanyoyin sa ido daban -daban da tsarin sarrafawa.
7. Tsarin rigakafi. Yayin kiyaye abubuwan da ke haifar da rikice -rikice waɗanda zasu iya haifar da rashin jin daɗi ga jiki, tsarin garkuwar jikin mu yana aiki azaman wata hanya don adana homeostasis na tsarin, yana ci gaba da kwanciyar hankali a gaban yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta ko cututtukan cuta, koda sun riga sun sami nasarar shiga cikin jiki ..

• Duba kuma:Misalan Antigens