Oxidizing

Wadatacce

• Ayyukan "redox"
• Misalai na oxidizers

Abubuwan oxidizers (O) suna yin abubuwan shaye -shaye waɗanda, a ƙarƙashin takamaiman yanayi na zafin jiki da matsin lamba, na iya haɗawa da mai da samarwa, daidai, a konewa. A cikin wannan tsarin oxidizer yana ragewa zuwa mai kuma na ƙarshe shine na oxidized da tsohon.

Oxidizers sune wakilan oxyidzing, masu saurin saurin rage yawan haɓakar haɓakar iskar shaka (suna haifar da zafi), da yawa daga cikin irin wannan abubuwan ana ɗaukarsu cikin masu haɗari ko kulawa da hankali, tunda suna iya haifar da ƙonewa mai tsanani.

Hakanan ana kiranta oxidizer, ta hanyar fadadawa, kowane matsakaici wanda ƙonawa zai yiwu.

Duba kuma: Misalan Man Fetur

Ayyukan "redox"

The oxidizersA matsayinsu na abubuwan shaye -shaye, suna haifar da halayen "redox", wato ragewa lokaci guda da shakar oxyidation. A cikin wannan nau'in amsawa, musayar wutar lantarki yana faruwa har gwargwadon cewa oxyidant ɗin yana samun electrons (yana raguwa) kuma mai ragewa yana rasa electrons (oxidizes). Duk abubuwan da aka haɗa, ƙari, suna samun yanayin oxidation.

Misalan irin wannan yanayin shine lokutan fashewa, haɗaɗɗiyar sunadarai ko lalata.

Misalai na oxidizers

1. Oxygen (O₂). Mafi kyawun oxidizer, yana da hannu cikin kusan duk halayen da ke ƙonewa ko fashewa. A gaskiya, wuta ta yau da kullun ba za ta iya faruwa a cikin rashi ba. Gabaɗaya, halayen redox daga samar da iskar oxygen, ban da makamashi, adadin CO₂ da ruwa.
2. Ozone (O₃). Kwayar gaseous mai ƙarancin mahalli, ko da yake yana da yawa a saman saman sararin samaniya, galibi ana amfani da shi a cikin tsabtace ruwa da sauran hanyoyin da ke amfani da ƙarfin ƙarfin iskar sa.
3. Hydrogen peroxide (H₂KO₂). Hakanan ana kiranta hydrogen peroxide ko dioxogen, ruwa ne mai tsananin ƙarfi, ruwa mai ƙonawa sosai, galibi ana amfani da shi don lalata raunuka ko gashin bleach. Tsarinsa ba shi da tsayayye kuma yana son rushewa cikin ruwa da ƙwayoyin oxygen, yana sakin kuzarin zafi a cikin tsari. Ba mai ƙonewa ba, amma yana iya haifar da ƙonawa ba zato ba tsammani lokacin da akwai jan ƙarfe, azurfa, tagulla ko wasu kwayoyin halitta..
4. Hypochlorites (ClO-). Waɗannan ions suna ƙunshe a cikin mahadi masu yawa kamar ruwa mai bushewa (sodium hypochlorite) ko foda (allurar hypochlorite), waɗanda ba su da tsayayye sosai kuma suna son ruɓewa a gaban hasken rana, zafi da sauran matakai. Suna mayar da martani sosai ga kwayoyin halitta, wanda zai iya haifar da konewa, da kuma manganese, suna yin abubuwan da ba su dace ba..
5. Permanganates. Waɗannan su ne gishirin da aka samo daga sinadarin permanganésic (HMnO₄), daga inda suke gadon anion MnO₄^– sabili da haka manganese a cikin mafi girman yanayin oxidation. Suna son samun launin rawaya mai ƙarfi da ƙima mai ƙima sosai yayin hulɗa da kwayoyin halitta., yana haifar da harshen wuta kuma yana iya haifar da ƙonewa mai tsanani.
6. Peroxosulfuric acid (H₂SW₅). Wannan daskararre marar launi, mai narkewa a 45 ° C, yana da manyan aikace -aikacen masana'antu a matsayin mai kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da tsaftacewa, kuma a cikin tsarar ruwan gishiri a gaban abubuwa kamar potassium (K). A gaban kwayoyin halitta, kamar ethers da ketones, yana samar da ƙwayoyin da ba a iya daidaitawa ta hanyar peroxygenation, kamar acetone peroxide..
7. Acetone peroxide (C₉H₁₈KO₆). An san shi da peroxyketone, wannan sinadarin yana da fashewa sosai, saboda yana saurin sauƙaƙe zafi, gogayya ko tasiri. Don haka ne 'yan ta'adda da yawa suka yi amfani da shi azaman mai fashewa a cikin hare -haren su kuma ba' yan chemist kaɗan ne suka ji rauni lokacin sarrafa su ba. Kwayar cuta ce mai tsayayye sosai, wacce idan ta ruɓe cikin wasu abubuwan da suka fi karko suna fitar da makamashi mai yawa (fashewar mahaifa).
8. Halogens. Wasu abubuwa na rukunin VII na teburin lokaci -lokaci, da aka sani da halogens, suna haifar da ions masu rarrabewa saboda buƙatun su na electrons don kammala matakin ƙarfin su na ƙarshe, ta haka ne ke samar da gishirin da aka sani da halides waɗanda ke da ƙima sosai.
9. Tollens reagent. Sunan da masanin kimiyyar Jamus Bernhard Tollens, hadaddun ruwa ne na diamine (ƙungiyoyi biyu na amine: NH₃) da azurfa, na amfani da gwaji a cikin gano aldehydes, tunda ƙarfin su na oxyidation yana canza su zuwa acid carboxylic. Tollens reagent, duk da haka, idan an adana shi na dogon lokaci, ba zato ba tsammani yana samar da madaidaicin azurfa (AgCNO), gishirin azurfa mai fashewa..
10. Osmium Tetroxide(Beyar₄). Duk da ƙarancin osmium, wannan fili yana da aikace -aikace masu ban sha'awa da yawa, amfani, da kaddarori. A cikin ƙarfi, alal misali, yana da saurin canzawa: yana juyawa zuwa gas a ɗaki. Duk da kasancewa mai ƙarfi oxidant, tare da amfani da yawa a cikin dakin gwaje -gwaje azaman mai haɓakawa, baya amsawa da yawancin carbohydrates, amma yana da guba sosai a cikin adadi ƙasa da waɗanda ƙanshin ɗan adam ke iya ganowa.
11. Perchloric acid salts (HClO₄). Perchlorate gishiri dauke da sinadarin chlorine a cikin wani babban yanayin hadawan abu da iskar shaka, yana mai sanya su dacewa don hada abubuwan fashewa, Na'urorin pyrotechnic da makamin roka, kamar yadda suke babban oxidizer tare da rushewa kaɗan.
12. Nitrates (babu₃^–). Hakazalika da dindindin, sune gishirin da nitrogen ke cikin mahimmancin yanayin oxyidation. Waɗannan nau'ikan mahadi suna bayyana ta halitta a cikin ɓarna na ɓarnar halittu kamar urea ko wasu sunadaran nitrogenous, suna yin ammoniya ko ammoniya, kuma ana amfani da su sosai a cikin takin zamani. Hakanan yanki ne mai mahimmanci na foda baƙar fata, ta amfani da ƙarfin iskar shakarsa don canza carbon da sulfur da sakin kuzarin kalori..
13. Sulfoxides. An samo shi ta hanyar oxyidation na sulfides, ana amfani da irin wannan fili a cikin magungunan magunguna da yawa kuma a gaban ƙarin iskar oxygen za su iya ci gaba da aiwatar da oxyidation ɗin su har sai sun zama sulfones, masu amfani azaman maganin rigakafi.
14. Chromium trioxide (CrO₃). Wannan fili mai ƙarfi ne mai launin ja mai duhu, mai narkewa cikin ruwa kuma ya zama dole a cikin hanyoyin galvanizing da chromating na karafa. Iyakar hulɗa da ethanol ko wasu abubuwa na halitta yana haifar da ƙonewa nan da nan., wanda yake da lahani sosai, mai guba da cutar kansa, haka kuma kasancewa muhimmin sashi na chromium hexavalent, mahadi mai cutarwa ga muhalli.
15. Compounds tare da cerium VI. Cerium (Ce) wani sinadari ne na tsari na lanthanides, ƙarfe mai launin toka mai laushi, ductile, mai sauƙin oxidized. Ana samun amfani da iskar oxide daban -daban da ake samu a masana'antu, musamman wajen kera ashana kuma a matsayin dutse mai haske (“tinder”) ta hanyar ƙarfe mai ƙarfe., tunda takaddama kawai tare da wasu saman ya isa ya samar da tartsatsin wuta da amfani mai zafi.

Yana iya ba ku:

• Misalan Man Fetur a Rayuwar Kullum