Wadatacce
Theelectromagnetism Sashi ne na kimiyyar lissafi wanda ke kusanci fannonin wutar lantarki da magnetism daga ka'idar haɗin kai, don tsara ɗaya daga cikin manyan rukunoni huɗu na duniya da aka sani har zuwa yanzu: electromagnetism. Sauran muhimman rukunoni (ko muhimman mu'amala) sune nauyi da ƙarfi da rauni hulɗar nukiliya.
Wannan na electromagnetism shine ka'idar filin, wato, dangane da girman jiki vector ko tensor, wanda ya dogara da matsayi a sararin samaniya da lokaci. Ya dogara ne akan ƙididdigar bambancin vector huɗu (Michael Faraday ya tsara shi kuma James Clerk Maxwell ya haɓaka shi a karon farko, wanda shine dalilin da yasa aka yi musu baftisma a matsayin Ƙididdigar Maxwell) wanda ke ba da damar nazarin haɗin gwiwa na filayen lantarki da na maganadisu, kazalika da ƙarfin wutar lantarki, rarrabuwar wutar lantarki da haɓaka magnetic.
A gefe guda, electromagnetism shine ka'idar macroscopic.Wannan yana nufin cewa yana nazarin manyan abubuwan da ke faruwa na lantarki, wanda ya dace da adadi mai yawa na barbashi da nisa mai yawa, tunda a matakin atomic da kwayoyin yana ba da hanya ga wani horo, wanda aka sani da makanikai masu ƙima.
Ko da hakane, bayan juyin juya halin jimla na ƙarni na ashirin, an gudanar da bincike don ƙididdigar ka'idar ma'amala ta electromagnetic, don haka ya haifar da ƙimar electrodynamics.
- Duba kuma: Abubuwan Magnetic
Yankunan aikace -aikacen electromagnetism
Wannan fanni na kimiyyar lissafi ya kasance mabuɗin ci gaban fannoni da fasahohi da yawa, musamman injiniya da kayan lantarki, gami da adana wutar lantarki har ma da amfani da shi a fannonin kiwon lafiya, jirgin sama ko gini.
Abin da ake kira Juyin Masana'antu na Biyu ko Juyin Halittar Fasaha ba zai yiwu ba sai da cin wutar lantarki da lantarki.
Misalan aikace -aikacen electromagnetism
- Tambayoyi. Tsarin waɗannan na'urori na yau da kullun ya haɗa da jujjuyawar cajin wutar lantarki ta hanyar lantarki, wanda filin magnetic ɗin sa ke jan ƙaramin guduma na ƙarfe zuwa ƙararrawa, yana katse kewaye kuma yana ba shi damar sake farawa, don haka guduma ta buge shi akai -akai kuma yana samar da sautin da yana daukar hankalin mu.
- Jiragen dakatarwa na Magnetic. Maimakon birgima a kan ramuka kamar jiragen ƙasa na yau da kullun, ana gudanar da wannan ƙirar ƙirar fasaha mai ƙarfi a cikin levitation magnetic godiya ga madaidaitan na'urorin lantarki da aka sanya a cikin ƙaramin ɓangaren ta. Don haka, korar wutar lantarki tsakanin maganadisun da ƙarfe na dandamalin da jirgin ke tafiya akansa yana kiyaye nauyin abin hawa a cikin iska.
- Transformers na lantarki. Mai canza wuta, waɗancan na’urorin cylindrical waɗanda a wasu ƙasashe muke gani akan layukan wutar lantarki, suna aiki don sarrafawa (ƙaruwa ko raguwa) ƙarfin wutan lantarki. Suna yin hakan ta hanyar murɗaɗɗen da aka shirya a kusa da gindin ƙarfe, wanda filayen electromagnetic ɗinsa ke ba da damar daidaita yanayin mai fita.
- Motar lantarki. Motocin lantarki injinan lantarki ne, ta hanyar juyawa a kusa da gatari, suna canza makamashin wutar lantarki zuwa makamashi na inji. Wannan kuzari shine ke haifar da motsi na wayar hannu. Ayyukansa sun dogara ne akan ƙarfin lantarki na jan hankali da tunkuɗawa tsakanin maganadisu da coil inda wutan lantarki ke ratsawa.
- Dynamos. Ana amfani da waɗannan na'urori don cin gajiyar jujjuyawar ƙafafun abin hawa, kamar mota, don jujjuya maganadisu da samar da filin magnetic wanda ke ciyar da madaidaicin ruwa zuwa murɗa.
- Waya. Sihirin da ke bayan wannan na’urar yau da kullun ba wani abu bane illa ikon juyar da raƙuman sauti (kamar murya) zuwa canjin filin lantarki wanda za a iya watsawa, da farko ta hanyar kebul, ga mai karɓa a ɗayan ƙarshen wanda ke da ikon zubowa. aiwatarwa da dawo da raƙuman sauti na electromagnetically.
- Microwave tanda. Waɗannan kayan aikin suna aiki daga ƙarni da tattarawar raƙuman electromagnetic akan abinci. Waɗannan raƙuman ruwa sun yi kama da waɗanda ake amfani da su don sadarwa ta rediyo, amma tare da madaidaicin mita wanda ke jujjuya diplomas (barbashi na maganadisu) na abinci a cikin sauri sosai, yayin da suke ƙoƙarin daidaita kansu da sakamakon magnetic filin. Wannan motsi shine ke haifar da zafi.
- Hoton resonance na Magnetic (MRI). Wannan aikace-aikacen likitanci na electromagnetism ya kasance ci gaban da ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba a cikin lamuran kiwon lafiya, tunda yana ba da damar bincika ta hanyar da ba ta mamayewa cikin jikin halittu masu rai, daga magudanar wutar lantarki na iskar hydrogen da ke cikin ta, don samar da fili. fassara ta kwamfutoci na musamman.
- Makirufo Waɗannan na’urorin da aka saba da su a yau suna yin aiki ne ta hanyar diaphragm wanda electromagnet ya jawo, wanda hankalinsa ga raƙuman sauti yana ba su damar fassara zuwa siginar lantarki. Wannan ana iya watsa shi kuma a ɓoye shi daga nesa, ko ma adana da sake bugawa daga baya.
- Mass spectrometers. Na'ura ce da ke ba da damar yin nazarin abubuwan da ke tattare da wasu sinadarai masu sinadarai tare da madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya, dangane da rarrabuwar maganadisu na atom ɗin da ke tsara su, ta hanyar ionization da karanta su ta kwamfuta ta musamman.
- Oscilloscopes. Kayan aikin lantarki waɗanda manufarsu ita ce ta nuna siginar siginar lantarki da ke canzawa cikin lokaci, ta fito daga takamaiman tushe. Don yin wannan, suna amfani da madaidaicin madaidaiciya akan allon wanda layinsa samfur ne na auna voltages daga siginar lantarki da aka ƙaddara. Ana amfani da su a magani don auna ayyukan zuciya, kwakwalwa, ko wasu gabobin.
- Katunan Magnetic. Wannan fasaha tana ba da damar wanzuwar katunan kuɗi ko katunan kuɗi, waɗanda ke da faifan magnetic da aka ba da izini ta wata hanya, don rufaffen bayanai dangane da daidaiton barbashi na ferromagnetic. Ta hanyar gabatar da bayanai a cikin su, na’urorin da aka keɓe suna baje kolin abubuwan da aka faɗa a cikin takamaiman hanya, don haka wannan umarnin za a iya “karanta” don dawo da bayanan.
- Ajiye na dijital akan kaset ɗin magnetic. Maɓalli a duniyar kwamfuta da kwamfutoci, yana ba da damar adana adadi mai yawa a kan faifan magnetic wanda aka rarrabasu barbashi ta wata hanya ta musamman kuma tsarin komfuta na iya tantance shi. Waɗannan faifai na iya zama masu cirewa, kamar faifan alkalami ko yanzu sun ɓace faifan diski, ko suna iya zama na dindindin kuma mafi rikitarwa, kamar rumbun kwamfutoci.
- Ganguna Magnetic. Wannan samfurin adana bayanai, wanda ya shahara a shekarun 1950 da 1960, yana ɗaya daga cikin siffofin farko na adana bayanan maganadisu. Silinda ne mai raɗaɗi wanda ke juyawa da sauri, yana kewaye da kayan magnetic (baƙin ƙarfe oxide) wanda a cikinsa ake buga bayanin ta hanyar tsarin polarization. Ba kamar fayafai ba, ba shi da shugaban karatu kuma hakan ya ba shi damar yin wani aiki na dawo da bayanai.
- Hasken keke. Fitilolin da aka gina a gaban kekunan, waɗanda ke kunna lokacin tafiya, suna aiki godiya ga jujjuyawar da ke haɗe da maganadisu, jujjuyawar sa tana samar da filin magnetic sabili da haka madaidaicin tushen wutar lantarki. Sannan ana gudanar da wannan cajin wutar lantarki zuwa kwan fitila kuma a fassara shi zuwa haske.
- Ci gaba da: Aikace -aikacen jan ƙarfe
