Wadatacce
The rayayyun halittu (kwayoyin halitta), gwargwadon adadin ƙwayoyin da suka haɗa su, ana iya la'akari da su unicellular (idan sun kunshi sel guda) ko multicellular (ko kuma multicellular, wanda ya kunshi sel biyu ko fiye).
The sel ana ɗaukar su mafi ƙarancin raka'a na rayuwa. Su raka'a ne duka a cikin ilimin halittar jiki da aiki. Sassan ilimin halittar jiki ne saboda suna kewaye da ambulaf, wanda ake kira tantanin halitta ko membrane na cytoplasmic.
Bugu da kari, sel su sassan aiki ne domin sun ƙunshi tsarin biochemical mai rikitarwa. Don haka, suna da ikon ciyarwa da kula da metabolism na su, girma da ninka daga kayan halittar da suka ƙunsa a tsakiya, don bambanta (haɓaka takamaiman halaye daban da na sauran sel), da haɓaka.
Duk halayen sel ana raba su ta hanyar unicellular da multicellular organisms (wanda kuma ake kira multicellular).
Duba kuma: Misalai na Ƙwayoyin Halittu (da aikinsa)
Haihuwar sel
The kwayoyin halittu masu yawa suna tasowa da farko daga sel guda. Hatta dan adam a lokacin da aka yi ciki da farko sel ne. Duk da haka, wannan tantanin halitta nan da nan ya fara ninka. Kwayoyin suna iya hayayyafa ta hanyoyi guda biyu:
- Mitosis: Yana faruwa a cikin ƙwayoyin somatic. Kwayar tana raba sau ɗaya kawai (sel biyu suna fitowa daga sel). 'Yar'uwar chromatids ta rarrabu kuma babu giciye da ke faruwa, don haka ƙwayoyin' ya'yan biyu suna da bayanin kwayoyin halitta ɗaya. Yana da gajeriyar rabe -raben sel wanda ke nufin haɓakawa da sabunta sel da kyallen takarda.
- Meiosis: An samar da shi ne kawai a cikin ƙwayoyin sel na gametes (ƙwayoyin jima'i). Sel din ya kasu kashi biyu. A kashi na farko, an raba chromosomes masu kama da juna a na biyun, an raba chromatids sannan akwai ƙetare tsakanin chromosomes ɗin homologous. Abin da ya sa ƙwayoyin 'ya mace huɗu sun bambanta. Manufarta ita ce ci gaba da jinsi da bambancin kwayoyin halitta.
Daga sama za a iya kammala cewa kwayoyin halittu masu yawa Suna samun dukkan sel ɗin su (ban da na jima'i) daga sel ɗaya na farko godiya ga mitosis.
A cikin kwayoyin halittu masu yawa, ba dukkan sel iri ɗaya suke ba, a maimakon haka suna bambanta don cika ayyuka daban -daban: misali, akwai ƙwayoyin jijiya, ƙwayoyin epithelial, ƙwayoyin tsoka, da sauransu. The sel na musamman an tsara su cikin jerin da ake kira yadudduka, wanda bi da bi gyara gabobin.
Kwayoyin Prokaryotic da Eukaryotic
Baya ga rarrabewa, akwai manyan nau'ikan sel guda biyu waɗanda biyun suna rarrabe nau'ikan halittu guda biyu:
Kwayoyin prokaryotic: Girman su bai wuce micron biyu ba, kuma duk da cewa suna da membrane na tantanin halitta, amma basu da membrane na nukiliya (wanda ke raba tsakiya da cytoplasm). DNA yana nan a matsayin kwayoyin madauwari guda ɗaya, tare da kaɗan furotin hade da kungiyoyi masu rauni. DNA tana samar da chromosome guda ɗaya. Its kawai cytoplasmic organelles ne kananan ribosomes. Ba shi da kwarangwal na ciki. Kwayoyin prokaryotic suna samar da PROCARIONTE ORGANISMS (kwayoyin cuta da cyanobacteria). Galibi su kwayoyin halittu ne, ban da myxobacteria.
Kwayoyin Eukaryotic: Girmansa ya fi microns biyu, baya ga murfin tantanin halitta yana da murfin nukiliya. DNA tana samar da ƙwayoyin linzami tare da sunadarai masu alaƙa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi. DNA tana samar da chromosomes dabam dabam. Sel ɗin ya haɗa da nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cytoplasmic daban -daban, kwarangwal na ciki, da sassan membranous na ciki. Kwayoyin Eukaryotic su ke samar da KUNGIYOYIN EUCHARIAN (kamar dabbobi, shuke -shuke da mutum) waɗanda sune kwayoyin halittu masu rarrafe.
Duba kuma: Misalan Halittun Unicellular da Multicellular
Yana iya ba ku: Gabobin Jikin Dan Adam
Misalan kwayoyin halittu masu yawa
- Mutum: Nau'ikan sel daban -daban suna haifar da yalwar kyallen kyallen takarda wanda hakan ke haifar da zagayawar jini, juyayi, tsarin kashi, da sauransu.
- Kaguwa: Kamar sauran custaceans, ana rarrabe sashin jikinta don ƙirƙirar exoskeleton, tsarin da ke rufe da kare dabba.
- Dabbar dolphin: Dabba mai shayarwa. Kamar dukan dabbobi, ya ƙunshi nau'o'in sel na eukaryotic.
- Alkama: Hatsin dangin ciyawa. Ya ƙunshi nau'o'in ƙwayoyin shuka na eukaryotic.
- Hadiya: Tsuntsaye na halaye masu ƙaura, na dangin hirundínidos, na tsarin masu wucewa.
- Ciyawa: Kamar sauran tsire -tsire masu tsirrai, tsutsa ta haɗa da ƙwayoyin meristematic waɗanda ke ba da damar ƙara tsawonta bayan an yanke ta.
- Kaza: Tsuntsu na dangin Phasianidae. Kamar sauran tsuntsaye, an lullube shi da gashin fuka -fukai wanda ya ƙunshi sel na musamman a cikin fatar da ake kira keratinocytes.
- Kifi: Dukan kifaye na ruwa da na ruwa. Kamar yawancin kifaye (kashi ko cartilaginous) an rufe fatar jikinsa da sikeli, sel na musamman da suka bambanta da sikelin masu rarrafe.
- Temporaria kwado: Amphibian anuran dangin Ranidae, wanda ke zaune a Turai da arewa maso yammacin Asiya.
- Green lizard: Nau'in lizard (mai rarrafe) na dangin Teiidae. Tana cikin yanayin muhalli wanda ya mamaye Argentine, Bolivian da Paraguay Chaco.
Tabbas, ban da waɗanda aka ambata, za a iya lissafa dubban misalai, tunda duk dabbobin da ke wanzuwa halittu ne da yawa. Idan kuna buƙatar ƙarin misalai, kuna iya ziyartar sashin Misalan Dabbobi Masu Rai, ko kuma Dabbobi masu rarrafe.
- Yana iya ba ku: Menene Kwayoyin Halittu?
