Wadatacce
The anabolism da kuma catabolism Waɗannan su ne hanyoyin sunadarai guda biyu waɗanda ke haɓaka metabolism (saitin halayen halayen da ke faruwa a cikin kowane mai rai). Waɗannan matakai ba su da jujjuyawa amma masu dacewa, tunda ɗayan ya dogara da ɗayan kuma tare suna ba da damar aiki da haɓaka sel.
Anabolism
Anabolism, wanda kuma ake kira lokacin haɓakawa, shine tsarin rayuwa wanda ake ƙirƙirar wani abu mai rikitarwa wanda ya fara daga abubuwa masu sauƙi, ko kwayoyin halitta ko inorganic. Wannan tsari yana amfani da wani ɓangare na makamashin da catabolism ke fitarwa don haɗa ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta. Misali: photosynthesis a cikin autotrophic kwayoyin, kira na lipids ko sunadarai.
Anabolism shine tushen tushe don haɓakawa da haɓaka rayayyun halittu. Yana da alhakin kula da kyallen takarda da adana makamashi.
- Yana iya taimaka muku: Biochemistry
Catabolism
Catabolism, wanda kuma ake kira lokacin ɓarna, shine tsarin rayuwa wanda ya ƙunshi bazuwar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa mafi sauƙi. Wannan ya haɗa da rushewa da oxyidation na biomolecules waɗanda ke fitowa daga abinci kamar carbohydrates, sunadarai, da lipids. Misali: narkewa, glycolysis.
A lokacin wannan rushewar, ƙwayoyin suna sakin makamashi a cikin hanyar ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Kwayoyin suna amfani da wannan kuzarin don aiwatar da muhimman ayyuka da kuma halayen anabolic don ƙirƙirar ƙwayoyin.
Misalan anabolism
- Photosynthesis. Anabolic aiwatar da autotrophic kwayoyin (ba sa bukatar wasu rayayyun halittu su ciyar da kansu, tunda suna samar da nasu abincin). A cikin photosynthesis, ana canza kwayoyin halitta zuwa kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar kuzarin da hasken rana ke bayarwa.
- Chemosynthesis. Tsarin da ke juyar da ɗaya ko fiye na ƙwayoyin carbon da abubuwan gina jiki zuwa kwayoyin halitta ta amfani da oxyidation na mahaɗan inorganic. Ya bambanta da photosynthesis saboda baya amfani da hasken rana a matsayin tushen makamashi.
- Calvin sake zagayowar. Tsarin sunadarai wanda ke faruwa a cikin chloroplasts na sel shuka. A ciki, ana amfani da ƙwayoyin carbon dioxide don samar da ƙwayar glucose. Ita ce hanyar da kwayoyin halittu masu rarrafe dole ne su haɗa kwayoyin halitta.
- Haɗin furotin. Tsarin sunadarai wanda ake samar da sunadaran da suka ƙunshi sarƙoƙin amino acid. Ana ɗauke da amino acid ta hanyar RNA canja wuri zuwa RNA mai aikawa, wanda ke da alhakin tantance tsarin da amino acid ɗin za su shiga don ƙirƙirar sarkar. Wannan tsari yana faruwa a ribosomes, organelles dake cikin dukkan sel.
- Gluconeogenesis. Tsarin sunadarai wanda ake haɗa glucose daga masu siyar da glycosidic waɗanda ba carbohydrates ba.
Misalan catabolism
- Numfashi na salula. Tsarin sunadarai wanda wasu ƙasashe ke lalata su don su zama abubuwa masu inorganic. Ana amfani da wannan kuzarin catabolic da aka saki don haɗa ƙwayoyin ATP. Akwai nau'ikan numfashi guda biyu: aerobic (yana amfani da iskar oxygen) da anaerobic (baya amfani da iskar oxygen amma sauran ƙwayoyin inorganic).
- Narkewa. Tsarin catabolic wanda biomolecules da jiki ke cinyewa ya rushe kuma ya canza zuwa mafi sauƙi (sunadarai sun lalace zuwa amino acid, polysaccharides zuwa monosaccharides da lipids zuwa fatty acid).
- Glycolysis. Tsarin da ke faruwa bayan narkewa (inda polysaccharides suka lalace zuwa glucose). A cikin glycolysis kowane ƙwayar glucose ya kasu kashi biyu na pyruvate.
- Tsarin Krebs. Tsarin sunadarai waɗanda ke cikin numfashin salula a cikin ƙwayoyin aerobic. Ana fitar da makamashin da aka adana ta hanyar oxyidation na acetyl-CoA molecule da makamashin sunadarai a cikin hanyar ATP.
- Rushewar acid nucleic. Tsarin sunadarai wanda deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) da ribonucleic acid (RNA) ke aiwatar da ayyukan lalata.
- Ci gaba da: Abubuwan mamaki na Chemical
