Wadatacce
The ma'adanaiSu abubuwa ne na inorganic na ƙayyadaddun sunadarai, waɗanda ake samu a cikin dutsen daban -daban waɗanda ke tasowa daga hanyoyin wargajewar ɓarkewar ƙasa.
Kodayake wasu ma'adanai sun ƙunshi wani abu guda ɗaya (ma'adanai na asali), yawancinsu an samo su ne daga halayen sunadarai wanda ya faru a cikin yadudduka na farko na ɓarnar Duniya tuntuni kuma ya haɗa da abubuwa daban -daban na sunadarai.
Babban ma'adanai ya yi daidai da dangin sinadarai na sulfides, sulfates da sulfosalts; su ne ma'adanai na gama -gari iri -iri oxides, carbonates, nitrates, borates, phosphates kuma silicates.
Yawan yiwuwar haduwa na sinadaran abubuwa yana da ban mamaki da gaske kuma yana bayyana, a sashi, babban kewayon siffofi, launuka, girma dabam da laushi gabatar da ma'adanai. Abubuwan yanayi da yanayin ƙasa kuma sun yi tasiri ga waɗannan hanyoyin samuwar.
Yana iya ba ku:
- Misalan Dutsen Dama
- Misalan Gishirin Ma'adinai
Adadin ma'adinai
The ma'adinai adibas sune madatsun ruwa na waɗannan abubuwan da yakamata al'ummar zamani su cika buƙatun girma na masana'antu.
Don samun ma'adanai, ya zama dole hakar ma'adinai, wato rijiyoyin a tsaye wanda daga baya reshe ya fito zuwa cikin tasoshin a kwance.
Waɗannan suna yaduwa suna bin albarkatun kasa kuna son yin fa'ida, amma kuma kuna iya yin hakar ma'adinai a buɗe, idan ma'adanai sun fi yawa akan farfajiya.
The hakar ma'adinai babban aiki ne na sana'a saboda yuwuwar hadarurruka da ma rashin ƙoshin lafiya, saboda burin abubuwan da ke tayar da hankulan sassan numfashi.
An jera ma'adanai ashirin a ƙasa, misali:
- chalcopyrite: launin rawaya a launi, mafi yawan lokuta ana samun sa a cikin babban tsari. Kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na nauyinsa yayi daidai da baƙin ƙarfe da jan ƙarfe, don haka ana amfani da chalcopyrite da gaske don aikace -aikacen masana'antu. A wasu lokuta kuna iya samun zinare da azurfa, don haka sha'awar da ke cikin ta ƙaruwa.
- azurite: ma'adanai ne mai taushi mai launin shuɗi, mai alaƙa da malachite, galibi yana rufe ma'adanai daban -daban da ke cikin babba na ajiya. Ana amfani dashi azaman dutse mai ado da kuma azaman mai canza launi.
- malachite: ana ciro shi daga dutse mai taushi wanda babban ajiyarsa a yau a Zaire. Ana yawan amfani da shi a cikin kayan adon kayan ado, kodayake ana kuma danganta kaddarorin warkarwa.
- magnetite: da aka samo a cikin nau'ikan duwatsu masu ƙanƙara ko metamorphic, ma'adinai ne na ƙarfe. Yana da rauni kuma yana da ƙarfi, kuma yana da ƙarfi sosai a yanayin zafi, wanda ya sa ya zama mai tsaro mai kyau don bututun tukunyar jirgi. Amfani da masana’antu ya kai har zuwa gini, inda ake amfani da shi don kankare.
- zinariya ta asali: ƙarfe mai ƙima da aka yi amfani da shi musamman a cikin kayan adon kayan ado da zinariya, kuma ana amfani da su a cikin kayan lantarki, haƙora da fasahar filastik. Babban farashinsa yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin da wahalar samu, wannan yana iyakance amfani da shi.
- aragonite. Wasu iri ana amfani dasu azaman duwatsu masu ado.
- siderite. Muhimmin mahimmancin sa yana cikin hakar baƙin ƙarfe, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ya bayyana a matsayin babban ma'adinai a masana'antar ƙarfe.
- bauxite: dutse wanda ya ƙunshi galibi alumina. Gabaɗaya friable da haske, mai taushi da kama da yumɓu. Ana amfani dashi azaman albarkatun ƙasa don samun aluminium, wanda ya sa ba makawa, tunda aluminum yana da mahimmanci ga masana'antu daban -daban.
- cerussite: ya zo cikin launuka tsakanin fari, launin toka ko baƙar fata, kodayake kuma yana iya zama mara launi. An haɗa shi da ma'adanai na farko kamar galena da sphalerite, yana wakiltar muhimmin tushe don samun gubar.
- pyrite: ma'adinai mai kama da zinare, ana amfani da su don samun sinadarin sulfuric. Kwatankwacinsu da zinare ya kasance tushen yaudara, kodayake ga idanun da aka horar sun zama ma'adanai guda biyu da ake rarrabewa.
- rhodochrosite: ma'adinai da aka haɗa da mahimmancin carbonate magnesium, ja zuwa ruwan hoda, ɗan haske. Yana nan a Argentina, Amurka da Rasha, kuma amfanin sa ya fara daga kayan ado har zuwa yin mutum -mutumi.
- ma'adini: marar launi a cikin tsarkin sa, amma yana iya ɗaukar launuka daban -daban idan aka haɗa su. Yana da kaddarorin piezoelectric (yana amsa ayyukan injiniya ta hanyar samar da wutar lantarki), wanda ake amfani da shi a farkon farawa. Shi ne mafi yawan ma'adanai a cikin ɓawon ƙasa, kuma adibas ɗin Brazil sune aka fi amfani da su a duk duniya.
- feldspars: ma'adanai masu ƙarfi da yalwa, suna tsayayya da yanayin zafi (fiye da 900 ° C). Sun yi hidima don ci gaban walda, da kuma a masana'antar gilashi da yumbu.
- baki mica: yana da kashi 3.8% na ɓawon ƙasa, yana da halaye kamar juriya da zafi da ruwa, wanda ya sa ya zama ma'adinai na asali ga masana'antar. Motocin lantarki ana yin su da mica, wanda kawai ke narkewa a yanayin zafi sama da 1200 ° C.
- olivine: yawanci koren launi, ko da yake a wasu lokuta ba shi da launi. Yana da tsaka-tsaki kuma ana samunsa a ƙasan dolomitic metamorphosed. Duwatsun da ke ɗauke da shi ana amfani da su ne don ƙera abubuwa masu ƙanƙantar da kai, kuma ana neman nau'ikan sa na gaskiya a matsayin ƙima masu daraja.
- lissafa: babban ginshiƙan marmara da sauran irin wannan tsarin. Ana amfani dashi don cire ƙazantar siliceous kuma ana amfani dashi a masana'antar gani. Zai iya samun launuka daban -daban.
- jefa: ana fitar da shi daga ramin rami ko na karkashin kasa, gabaɗaya, ta hanyar ayyukan da ke buƙatar kuzari mai yawa. Wannan ma'adinai yana da amfani da yawa, amma ba tare da wata shakka ba babban shine haɗe cakuda da ake amfani da ita a masana'antar gini.
- sulfur: launin rawaya ba ƙarfe ba. Yana da babban ƙarfin konewa kuma yana narkewa a cikin ruwa ta kowane fanni. Yana daga cikin ayyukan mutane da yawa.
- borax: farin crystal mai narkewa cikin ruwa. An samo shi a cikin kayan wanke -wanke da magungunan kashe ƙwari, a cikin kayan ado don siyar da zinare da azurfa, da masana'antar gilashi da itace.
- gishiri: manyan yankuna na Kudancin Amurka an rufe su da gidajen gishiri waɗanda ke ɗauke da gishiri daban -daban, gami da sodium chloride, wanda ake yin gishirin tebur da shi.
Sauran ma'adanai da ke cikin yanayi
| Bentonite | Cervantite | Mimetesite |
| Kyanite | Dolomite | Fluorite |
| Asbestos | Hanksita | Epirota |
| Diamond | Hemimorphite | Cuprite |
| Azurfa | Goethite | Wulfenite |
| Nickel | Selenite | Beryl |
| talc foda | Obsidian | Cassiterite |
| Zinc | Sodalite | Analcima |
| Titanium | Topaz | Apatite |
| Graphite | Meteorite | Pumice |
Iya bauta maka
- Misalan Dutsen Dama
- Misalan Masana'antar Tãyi
- Misalan Gishirin Ma'adinai
Nau'in ma'adanai
Ma'adanai na iya samun tsarin microscopic da aka ba da umarni, suna bin tsayayyen tsari, ko rashin tsari, ba tare da madaidaicin siffa ko tsari ba.
Ana kiran tsofaffin ma'adanai na crystalline, Waɗannan suna samar da juzu'in lissafi kamar cubes, prisms, pyramids da sauran su. Da yawa daga cikin abubuwan da ake kira duwatsu masu daraja, waɗanda ake amfani da su a cikin kayan adon kayan ado, suna can. Daƙiƙa ita ce amorphous ma'adanai.
Hakanan, akwai ƙarfe da waɗanda ba ƙarfe ba. Daga tsohuwar, ana iya samun ƙarfe masu mahimmanci don masana'antu, kamar ƙarfe, jan ƙarfe ko gubar; na karshen kuma ana kiransu ma'adanai petrogenetics, saboda suna da alaƙa da wasu ma'adanai waɗanda ke ƙirƙirar duwatsu, kuma suna da mahimman aikace -aikace, musamman don fadada kayan gini, kamar lemun tsami ko siminti.
Kaya
Abubuwan ma'adanai suna da mahimmanci don amfanin su. Waɗannan galibi an haɗa su zuwa nau'ikan uku: geometric, jiki da sinadarai.
Waɗanda mafi yawan sharadin amfani da su shine kayan jiki da na sunadarai, waɗanda suka haɗa da sifofi na inji kamar tauri ko tauri; Tantancewar kamar refringence da electromagnetic kamar watsin aiki da jan hankalin Magnetic. Symmetry ko haske na iya zama mai ban sha'awa.
